,^^' '^ 



THE 



'5/t 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND, 



TO WHICE ARE ADDED 



BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF DISTINGUISHED STATESMEN, 
PHILANTHROPISTS, THEOLOGIANS, ETC. 




^xt^^MtHi Ux i\xt ^(rhoolisf 0f P^ttjlaud, 



WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. 




PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLEB & CO. 

1866. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 

E. H. BUTLER & CO. 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 

Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON & CO. 
PHILADELPHIA. 



F\%\ 



k^ 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

PA6£ 

Early Settlements — Lord Baltimore — Godtn — Sir George Calvert — 
Cecujus, second Lord Baltimore — Privileges of the Charter 7 



CHAPTER II. 

Leonard Calvert — Father White — George Calvert — St. Clement's 
Island — Emperor of Piscatawat— St. Mary's— Indians — Chapel at 
St. Mary's 12 

CHAPTER HI. 

Patent to Sir Edmund Plowden— New Albion— King's Message- 
Settlers OF St. Mary's — Kent Island — First Legislative Assem- 
bly — Fight on Pocomoke River — Governor Calvert — Lord Balti- 
more's Conditions of Plantation — Extent of Settlements 16 

CHAPTER IV. 

Colonel Claiborne — Commands to Lord Baltimore — Lord Baltimore 
organizes his Government— St. George's— The Assembly— The Veto 
— Tee Right of Title in Kent Island declared to be in Lord 
Baltimore — Religious Difficulties — Population of St. Mary's 21 

CHAPTER V. 

Meeting of the Assembly — Lord Baltimore — Missions of Matta- 
pony, etc. — St. Mary's and St. George's — Colonel Claiborne ap- 
pointed Treasurer — The Governor — The Indians — Governor Cal- 
vert — Captain Ingle — Governor Calvert regains St. Mary's and 
REDUCES Kent Island .' 2.'i 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER VI. PAQx 

Colonel William Stoxe appointed Lieutenant-Governor — Toleration 
Act — Providence Settlement — Robert Brooke, Esq. — Commissioners 

SENT BY THE COUNCIL OF STATE — TREATY WITH INDIANS — BROOKE'S 

Dismissal — Calvert County — Seizure of Public Records — Battle 
AT Providence — Josias Fendall appointed Lieutenant-Governor... 29 



CHAPTER VII. 

Restoration of the Province to Lord Baltimore — St. Mary's County 
— Quakers — Action of the Lower House of Assembly — Dismissal of 
Lieutenant-Governor Fendall— Philip Calvert Lieutenant-Gover- 
KOR — Settlements of the Eastern Shore — Cornw.allis — Somerset 
County — Naturalization Act — Curious Proceeding in the Assem- 
bly—Witchcraft 35 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Death of Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore — His Successors — Popu- 
lation in 1677— Complaint of the Bishop of London— Lord Balti- 
more's Reply — Singular Occurrence in the Assembly — King's Or- 
ders— Morals— Population— Pbinting-Press 40 

CHAPTER IX. 

Protestant Revolution — Articles of Impeachment against Lord 
Baltimore — William and Mary — Governor Copley — Jacobites — 
Cattle Pestilence — Post between the Potomac and Philadelphia 
— Conversion of the Indians — King's Library — King's Commands 
regarding Game, etc 4:3 



CHAPTER X. 

Mineral Spring — Charlotte Hall — State-House struck by Light- 
ning — Rev. Dr. Bray — King's Order, and Reply op the Upper 
House— Toleration Law— German Emigrants— Death of Charles, 
Lord Baltimore — Population 48 

CHAPTER XI. 

Charles, Lord Baltimore— Governor Hart— Claims of the Roman 
Catholics — Annapolis — Market-House — Arrival of Scotch Pri- 
soners — Baltimore — Pennsylvania Border Difficulties — Survey by 
Mason and Dixon 53 



CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XII. PAGK 
Great Rebeluon suppressed — Rejoicings thereat — Maryland Ga- 
zette — Commerce— Iron— Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore— Po- 
PCLATION— Lord F.urf as— Boundary Question— Maryland Frontier 
— Massacre by the Indians 59 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Memorial to the House of Delegates— Fort Frederick — Fort Du- 
QUESNE captured— Taxation— Stone Windmill— Contributions in Aid 
OF the Sufferers by a Fire in Boston, Massachusetts— The Stamp 
Act — New State-House— Annapolis — Government House 64 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Death of the last Lord Baltimore — First Conference of the Method- 
ist Church— Population in 1774 — Burning of a Cargo of Tea- 
Allegiance to the King — Approaching Hostilities— Fifth Con- 
vention — The Declaration of the Freemen of Maryland — Sixth 
Convention — Seventh Convention — Eighth Convention — Ninth Con- 
vention — Charles Carroll — Population 71 

CHAPTER XV. 

Battle of Long Islant)— Attack on Baltimore — Repulse of the Enemy 
— Mar YL ANT) Troops — State Constitution — Insurrection — Devotion 
to the Cause of Independence — La Fayette — Population in 1782 — 
Peace — United States Congress at Annapolis— Resignation of 
Washington — The Maryland Line 79 

CHAPTER XVI. 

Tender of Annapolis as the Seat of Government of the United 
States — Internal Improvements — General William Smallwood — 
Adoption of the Constitution of the United States— Colonel John 
Eager Howard— Party Politics— Governors from 1798 to 1812— 
War declared against Great Britain — Destruction of French- 
town AND other Places — Defeat of the American Forces at Wash- 
ington — Attack on Baltimore — Defeat and Retreat of the British 
Forces— Francis S. Key— Peace 90 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Internal Improvements — Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company — African 
Colonization — Amending the Constitution — Northeast Boundary 
Corner-Stone— Revising the State Constitution— The Great Re- 
bellion — Invasion by the Southern Armies — Battles — Constitu- 
tional Convention— State Board of Education— Declaration of 

Bights — Invasion — Ransom of Frederick — Governor Swann 99 

1* 



6 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XVIII. PAGE 
Chuech of England — Roman Catholics— Lutherans— Puritans — Qua- 
kers — Presbyterians 106 

CHAPTER XIX. 

First Act of the Assembly touching Schools — Act for the Support 
OF Free Schools— King William's Free School — Libraries- Public 
Academies — Charity School — Colleges— Washington College— St. 
John's College — University of Maryland — Agricultural College 
—State Board of Education- State Normal School 109 

BIOORAPHICAL. 

I. EMINENT STATESMEN: 

Charles Carroll 118 

Samuel Chase 120 

William Paca 121 

Thomas Stone 122 

William Pinkney 123 

William Wirt 125 

Francis Scott Key 128 

Roger Brooke Taney 134 

Henry Winter Davis 136 

II. MILITARY AND NAVAL HEROES: 

John Eager Howard 140 

Samuel Ringgold 142 

Joshua Barney 143 

John Rodgers 144 

III. EMINENT THEOLOGIANS: 

John Carroll 145 

Thomas John Claggett 147 

IV. EMINENT PHILANTHROPISTS: 

Moses Sheppard 151 

John McDonogh 155 

V. ARTISTS: 

Charles Wilson Peale 158 

VI. CITIZENS OF MARYLAND WHO HAVE BEEN 
JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT, AND MEM- 
BERS OF THE CABINET 160 

THE GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND 161 



CHURCHES. 11 

colonized there as excepted, and became a source 
of future difficulties. 

11. This charter made all English emigrants 
English subjects, with all the rights and privileges 
of such. It gave them, also, together with Lord 
Baltimore, authority to make all needful local 
or provincial laws, without reference to the king 
or parliament, not conflicting with English law, 
and provided that no interpretation of the char- 
ter should be made by which God's holy rites of 
worship and the true Christian religion should 
in any wise suifer change, prejudice, or diminu- 
tion. All churches to be built were to be conse- 
crated according to the laws of England. Nor 
was there to be any taxation by the king. 

did it include? 11. What did this charter make all English 
emigrants ? 



12 MARYLAND HISTORY. 



CHAPTER II. 

Leonard Calvert— Father White— George Calvert— St. 
element's Island— Emperor of Piscataway—St. Mary's 
— Indians — Chapel at St. Mary's. 

1. After a series of delays, in March, 1634, 
^g^^ Leonard Calvert, a brother of Lord Balti- 
more, with about two hundred colonists, 

arrived in the Potomac River. These emigrants, 
all English, consisted, on embarking, of seventeen 
^^ gentlemen,^' whose names are given, and their 
servants, with two Jesuit priests and their two 
temporal coadjutors. 

2. On their way over, as Father White, one of 
these priests, relates, no one was attacked 
with any sickness till Christmas day, when 

they were in the West Indies. That the day 
might be more joyfully celebrated, the wine floAved 
freely. Some who drank immoderately — about 
thirty — were seized with a fever; and not long 
after, twelve of them died, of whom two were 
Catholics, much lamented. These two were of 
the "gentlemen" named. This may show us that 

1. What of Leonard Calvert? How many emigrants? 2. 
What is said of them by Father White? 3. What of the 



INDIANS. 13 

a portion of the emigrants were not Roman 
Catholics. 

3. Before reaching the Potomac, the emigrant 
ships touched at Jamestown. There, George 
Gal vert, another brother of -Lord Baltimore, and 
one of the seventeen ^^ gentlemen/' remained and 
settled, leaving only fourteen of that class to pro- 
ceed on their voyage. 

4. While at Jamestown, Governor Calvert sig- 
nified to Secretary Claiborne that he was now a 
member of the Maryland plantation, and must re- 
linquish all relation with and dependence on the 
Virginia colony, — knowing, at the same time... 
that his residence was in Jamestown, that his- 
official connections were there, and that his plant- 
ation, Kent Island, was neither uncultivated nor 
partly inhabited by savages, and, consequently, 
not within Lord Baltimore's grant. The Secretary 
laid the demand before the Virginia Council, by 
whom it was promptly rejected. 

5. Having left Virginia, after landing on St. 
Clement's Island, in the Potomac, on the 25th of 
!March, 1634, the emigrants soon found that they 
had not come to a land which was uninhabited, 
but that within the limits of their patent there 
w^ere more than twenty Indian tribes, having, it 
was said, one thousand bowmen. 

emigrant ships ? 4. What occurred while at Jamestown ? 
What became of the demand ? 5. What was ascertained by 



14 



MARYLAND HISTORY. 



6. On finding that many of the kings of these 
tribes were subject to the Emperor of Piscataway, 

Governor Cal- 
vert thought 
it best to visit 
him. He there- 
fore sailed up 
the Potomac 
to that town, 
which is eighty 
miles or more 
from the bay, 
a little above, 
but nearly 
opposite to 
Mount Ver- 
non. Apprized 
of his coming, 
the Emperor 
had collected 
INDIA^J. five hundred 

of his warriors to oppose him. After an inter- 
view with the Governor, however, the Emperor 
was so far conciliated, that he said he would 
neither bid Calvert go nor bid him stay. 

7. Returning, the Governor went down the Po- 




the emigrants after landing on St. Clement's Island? 6, 
What of the tribes? Where did Governor Calvert now sail? 
How did he meet the Emperor of Piscataway ? 7. Where did 



AUGUSTA CAROLANA. 15 

tomac till he came to a river some twelve miles 
from the bay, which he named St. George's, — 
now called St. Mary's. Up this river he sailed 
a short distance to a place which is called St. 
Mary's. Here was an Indian tribe, whose land 
he purchased, for which he paid them in axes, 
hatchets, hoes, and cloth. The tract thus pur- 
chased was about one hundred and fifty thousand 
acres, and was named "Augusta Carolana." 

8. The natives readily gave their consent for 
the emigrants to occupy one part of their town, 
reserving the other for the present to themselves. 
The strangers thus obtained at once houses, gar- 
dens, and fields for their use. At the same time, 
the Indian men hunted deer and turkeys for them, 
and the women taught them how to make hominy 
and hoe-cake of their corn. 

9. Of one of the Indian huts the priests made 
a chapel. This was the first place of worship in 
St. Mary's, — though not in Maryland; for at 
Kent Island there had been a church for four or 
five years, in which had officiated more than one 
Church-of-England minister. 

the Governor then go ? What of an Indian tribe ? What was 
the purchase named ? 8. What did the natives then do ? 
What did the errtigrants at once obtain? 9. What of one of 
the Indian huts ? 



16 MARYLAND HISTORY. 



CHAPTER III. 

Patent to Sir Edmund Ploioden — New Albion — King^s 
Message — Settlers of St. Mary's — Kent Island — First 
Legislative Assembly — Fight on Focomoke River — Gover- 
nor Calvert — Lord Baltimore s Condition of Plantation 
— Extent of Settlements. 

1. On the 21st of June, 1634, the king gave 

a patent to Sir Edmund Plowden of a ter- 
1634. .^ ... . n . P 1 . 1 1 

ritory which materially interiered with the 

one which had been given to Lord Baltimore. It 

embraced the country north of a line running west 

from Cape May to the Potomac, and included, as 

then supposed, the upper part of Kent Island, all 

of Maryland from near Annapolis northward, 

half of Delaware, and part of Pennsylvania. 

2. This was the third grant that the king had 
made of the same territory. It was named New 
Albion, and Sir Edmund was constituted its Earl 
Palatine. He is said to have located his colony 
not far from Cape May. But he and his colonists 
were early cut off by the Indians ; and we hear 
little afterwards of New Albion. 

3. On the 23d of July the king sent word to 



1. What of Sir Edmund Plowden? What did his patent 
embrace? 2. Whr«t farther of this grant ? 3. What occurred 



INDIAN DEPKEDATIONS. 17 

the Governor and Council of Virginia that it 
was not intended that Lord Baltimore's charter 
should be any invasion of their chartered rights ; 
their occupancy of Kent Island was clearly under 
those rights, and their refusal to yield to Lord 
Baltimore's claim was sustained by him. 

4. This decision the king communicated to 
Lord Baltimore, telling him that it was contrary 
to justice and his true intent to dispossess Clai- 
borne and his colony of their lands and island. 
In the following September, nevertheless, Lord 
Baltimore sent his Governor instructions that if 
Claiborne would not submit to his government 
he should be seized and punished. 

5. The settlers at St. Mary's soon found that 
the place was very unhealthy. As the narrative 
states, they were taken with a disease somewhat 
like an ague, — which they called a seasoning, — 
of which many died for want of proper care 
and through their own ill conduct. 

6. At the same time, Kent Island suifered 
much from the Susquehanna Indians from the 
north, and the Wicomeses on the south, though 
they were enemies to each other. Three of the 
islanders were killed, and more than one battle > 
with these Indians was fought. 



on the 23d of July, 1634 ? 4. What of this decision ? What 
did Lord Baltimore do ? 5. What of St. Mary's ? 6. What 



18 



MARYLAND HISTORY. 



7. In February, 1635, it is said that there was 
held the first legislative assembly of the free- 
men of the province. They showed that 

they felt called to legislate for themselves, and 
actually did so. But every act which was then 
passed. Lord Baltimore vetoed ; and all that 
had been done came to nothing. 

8. In April of this year, being in want of pro- 
visions, the Kent Islanders sent two boats down 
the bay, some sixty miles, to the Pocomoke 
River, to trade with the Indians for corn. But 

they were pursued by 
a boat from St. Mary's, 
when a fight occurred, 
in which one of the St. 
Mary's men and three 
of the Kent Islanders 
were killed, and the 
boats and crews of the 
latter were captured. 

9. Governor Calvert 
then sent to the Gover- 
nor of Virginia to 
reclaim Claiborne, — 
whose tenants the Kent Islanders were, — as a 
criminal against the laws of Maryland, when not 




GOVERNOR CALVERT. 



of Kent Island? 7. What of the first legislative assem- 
bly? 8. What took place in April in consequence of the 
want of provisions? 9. What did Governor Calvert do? 



CONDITIONS OF PLANTATION. 19 

one act of the Assembly had been confirmed, and, 
consequently, there were no laws of Maryland. 
The Governor of Virginia had been deposed by 
the Council and sent to England : so that Captain 
Claiborne, being the highest officer left in the 
colony, was not to be reached by the Maryland 
Governor. 

10, Lord Baltimore's ^'conditions of plantation,'' 
so called, issued by him this year, assigned 

to every emigrant from England, bring- 
ing in five men, one thousand acres of land, with 
manorial privileges, — subject to an annual quit- 
rent of twenty shillings ; if he brought in a less 
number, he should have assigned to him one hun- 
dred acres for himself, one hundred for each 
servant, and if he had a wife and children, one 
hundred for his wife, and fifty for each child 
under sixteen years of age, subject to an annual 
quit-rent of two shillings for every hundred acres. 

11. As inducements to emigration, Lord Bal- 
timore said that the soil was exceedingly rich, 
and he estimated that each man's labor would 
bring him forty-nine pounds sterling per annum, 
while his expenses would be only twenty pounds ; 
besides which, the planter might be enriched by 
traffic and commerce. 



10. What new conditions did Lord Baltimore issue? 11. 
What further inducements did Lord Baltimore offer to emi- 



20 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

12. The settlements extending south of St. 
Mary's very soon reached the creeks and streams 
in that direction. One of these was called Trinity 
Creek. It was six miles from St. Mary's, and 
on its banks was Trinity Church, the first place 
of Protestant worship on the AYestern Shore. 
Afterwards it was removed to St. Mary's; and the 
church there still bears the name of Trinity. 

13. In 1636, St. Mary's town had fifty or sixty 
houses. That its growth was not more ra23id, 
may be accounted for by stating that the 

planters resided on their plantations, many of 
which had good landing-places, where their pro- 
duce was laded and the goods received in return 
were unladed. Each plantation, in fact, was a 
little town. Instead of cash rents. Lord Balti- 
more now substituted grain, making seventy pounds 
of wheat equal to twelve and a half pence. 

grants? 12. How far did the settlements extend? 13. 
What of St. Mary's in 163G? What did Lord Baltimore now 
substitute for cash rents? 



COLONEL. CLAIBORNE. 21 



CHAPTER lY. 

Colonel Claiborne — Commands to Lord Baltimore — Lord 
Baltimore organizes his Government — St. George^ s — The 
Assembly — The Veto — The Right of Title in Kent Island 
declared to be in Lord Baltimore — Religious Difficulties — 
Population of St. Mary's. 

1. In 1637, Colonel Claiborne (so he was now 
called) went to England ; and with him the 
Rev. Richard James, who had been the 
Church-of-England minister at Kent Island. 
On the colonel's gaining access to the king, 
Lord Baltimore was commanded by the royal au- 
tiiority to molest the Kent Islanders no further, 
and enjoined that they should be safe in their per- 
sons and goods. 

2. During this year Lord Baltimore reor- 
ganized his government, and added to his Gover- 
nor's Council John Lewger, Esq., whom he made 
Secretary of State, also, and Keeper of Records 
and Receiver of Rents. Lewger arrived on the 
28th of December ; and from this period date the 
regular records of the province. 



1. What of Colonel Claiborne in 1637 ? 2. When did Loid 
Iviltimore reorganize his government ? When did the regular 
records of the province begin ? 3. What of the first record ? 



22 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

3. Almost the first record is under date of De- 
cember 31, — that Kent Island had in some measure 
been reduced to the obedience of Lord Baltimore. 
Warrants were issued against eleven of the Kent 
Islanders. Arms against them had failed, and 
legal measures were now resorted to. But for the 
time-being these also failed. Such was the regard 
paid to the king's order by his lordship. 

4. On the 4th of January, 1638, a new hun- 
dred, named St. Georp-e's, was erected on the 
west side of St. George's River. This was 

a Protestant hundred; and in it was erected a 
Protestant church at Poplar Hill, where one still 
stands. Of the seventeen gentlemen who embarked 
for the province in 1633, twelve at this date were 
either dead or had left the colony. One of the 
remaining five died in the following July. 

5. On the 25th of January the freemen of the 
province met in assembly again, at the Gov- 
ernor's summons. Those who could not be 

present in person acted by proxy. Some of these 
" freemen" had been brought over as indented ser- 
vants, but had served out their time and become 
landholders. Of this class some became leading 
citizens in the colony. 

6. To this Assembly Lord Baltimore had sent 

What of warrants, arms, &c. ? 4. What of St. George's ? 
What further is said of this settlement ? 6. What or' the 
meeting of the Assembly ? G. What did Lord Baltimore send 



KENT ISLAND CONFISCATED. 23 

a code of laws to be passed. But they were 
rejected by a large majority. Some, however, 
were selected, and, with alterations, were passed. 
Meanwhile, Governor Calvert, having gathered a 
sufficient force, sailed up to Kent Island and 
reduced it to Lord Baltimore's obedience. Colonel 
Claiborne had not returned from England. 

7. At an adjourned meeting of the Assembly, 
Claiborne's property in Kent Island was confis- 
cated to Lord Baltimore's use, and his commander 
in the battle on the Pocomoke in 1635 was con- 
demned for murder, and was subsequently executed. 
All this was clearly contrary to the king's injunc- 
tion, and done as clearly under an ex post facto 
law. In due time came Lord Baltimore's veto to 
every act passed by the Assembly, save those 
touching Claiborne and his commander. The 
province had still no statute or provincial laws. 

8. On the 4th of April it was decided by the 
Privy Council in England, notwithstanding all 
that the king had ordered, and notwithstanding 
the express words of the charter, that the title 
to Kent Island was in Lord Baltimore, it being 
within the bounds of his province. Claiborne, 
therefore, for the present, gave up the contest; 
but it was not yet ended, as we shall see. 

to this Assembly? What did Governor Calvert do? 7. What 
was done at an adjourned meeting of the Assembly? What 
is said of this action ? What of the veto ? 8. What was 



24 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

9. Early in July a difficulty occurred in St. 
Mary's between some Protestants and Ro- 
man Catholics ; and the result was that the 

leading Roman Catholic was censured, and fined 
five hundred pounds of tobacco, because his act 
was in violation of the Governor's proclama- 
tion prohibiting unreasonable disputations and 
offensive speeches about religion. 

10. These disputes had before this been carried 
to such an extent as to call forth that proclama- 
tion ; and now fines were resorted to. Father 
White states that there were frequent causes of 
discord; and the court records show that more 
than one-fifth of the people were at law with each 
other. 

11. The population of St. Mary's was now 
about three hundred, and that of Kent Island 
about two hundred. One of the priests and a 
coadjutor died this year, while the other priests 
did not escape what Father White calls the pre- 
vailing sickness. More than one-half, indeed, of 
the St. Mary's colonists must have suffered from 
its attacks, and two of the remaining "gentle- 
men" who came over in 1634 died this year. 

decided on the 4th of April by the Privy Counc 
difficulty occurred in July ? 10. What of F; 
11. Population of St. Mary's and of Kent Is 
of the prevailing sickness? 



ASSEMBLY OF 1639, 25 



CHAPTEE Y. 

Meeting of the Assembly — Lord Baltimore — Missions of 
Mattapony, etc. — St. Mary's and St. George's — Colonel 
Claiborne appointed Treasurer — The Governor — The In- 
dians — Governor Calvert — Captain Ingle — Governor Cal- 
vert regains St. Mary's and reduces Kent Island. 

1. In February, 1639, an Assembly was con- 
voked. It consisted of the Governor and ^^^^ 

1639. 

Council, deputies appointed by the freemen, 
and those whom the Governor summoned indi- 
vidually. 

2. Lord Baltimore now receded from his claim 
of proposing all the laws to be passed, and con- 
ceded that privilege to the Assembly ; but he re- 
served to himself the confirmation or rejection of 
them. The acts of the last Assembly which had 
been vetoed were again passed, as well as a num- 
ber of others. Some of them show that all har- 
mony between the Indians and the colonists was 
at an end. Symptoms of discontent had been 
manifested by all the tribes of the Potomac, and 
an expedition against the Susquehannas was pro- 
vided for by the Assembly. 



1. What of the Assembly in 1639? 2. What did Lord 
Baltimore now do ? Of the Acts of the Assembly ? 3. Of 



26 



MARYLAND HISTORY. 



3. The priests, at this date, had missions at 
Mattapony, on the Patuxent, at Piscataway, on 




AN INDIAN VILLAGE, 



the Potomac, on Kent Island, and at St. Mary's. 
But the mission at Piscataway was recalled, and 
the Governor forbade the priests to receive any 
donations of land from the Indians, ordering, at 
the same time, that what had Been already given 
should be restored to Lord Baltimore. 

4. Other hundreds besides St. Mary's and St. 
George's had been established before this, and 
now another, called St. Clement's, was made, some 
twenty miles higher up the Potomac. In this 
hundred was at once erected a third Protestant 
church in St. Mary's, and there one stands to 
this day. 
** 5. In 1639, Colonel Claiborne had returned 



missions ? 4. What new hundred 



Of Colonel Clai- 



INDIANS. 27 

from England ; and he now made a demand on 
Governor Calvert for the recovery of his debts, 
as also for his cattle and other property on Kent 
Island, but was coolly informed that all had been 
confiscated to the use of Lord Baltimore. 

6. In 1641 the Indians appear to have become 
permanently fixed in their discontent at the 
intrusion of the colonists, and gave much 
trouble, greatly annoying the frontier settlements 
on both sides of the bay. 

7. In 1642, Colonel Claiborne was appointed 

Kin2:'s Treasurer in Virp:inia for life. This 

. . 1642. 

appointment show^s him to have been on the 

king's side in the contest between the king and 
the Parliament. Lord Baltimore, however, stood 
neuter, and was not allowed to leave the king- 
dom, even to come over to his province. 

8. In the General Assembly of 1642, the first 
thing done was to take away from the Governor 
the power of adjournment and to keep it in the 
hands of the Assembly : so strong had the people's 
influence become. Nor was even the control of 
the expedition against the Indians left, as had 
hitherto been the case, to the Governor and 
Council, but it was given by the Assembly to a 
leader of their own appointing. 



borne? 6. Indians ? 7. What further of Colonel Claiborne 
Of Lord Bvltijuore ? 8. What did the General Assembly do 



28 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

9. The Indians had already invaded the homes 
of the colonists, and such was the state of affairs 
that no one able to bear arms was permitted to 
go any distance from home without them. So 
great was the alarm that on the 28th of August 
the Governor issued his proclamation for the in- 
habitants to take shelter in their block-houses. 

10. Early in 1643, Governor Calvert paid a 
visit to Eno-land, and was absent till Sep- 

1643 o 7 jr 

tember of the following year. Towards the 
end of 1644, Colonel Claiborne, by means of a 
naval and military force, regained possession of 
Kent Island, after having been dispossessed 
of it for five years. Governor Calvert very 
soon sent an expedition against it, which, how- 
ever, was not successful. 

11. In the spring of 1645, Captain Ingle, with 
an armed vessel, by direction, it is said, 
of Parliament, took St. Mary's by surprise. 

Governor Calvert fled to Virginia, and the priests 
and almost all the Roman Catholics were banished 
from the province. Its government was now in 
the hands of the Protestants. 

12. After nearly two years, towards the end of 
1646, Governor Calvert, having obtained a 
body of soldiers in Virginia, and being 

9. What of the Indians? Of the alarm? 10. What of 
Governor Calvert and Colonel Claiborne? 11. Of Captain 



COLONEL WILLIAM STONE. 29 

assisted by a few loyal friends, returned, and re- 
gained possession of St. Mary's. By the follow- 
ing April he had reduced Kent Island under his 
government, and defeated the Eastern Shore In- 
dians in a great battle. 

13. On the 9th of June, 1647, Governor Calvert 
died, leaving alive but a single one of the 
original seventeen gentlemen who had em- 
barked with him for Maryland in 1633. A tem- 
porary Governor succeeded him. 



CHAPTER YI. 



Colonel William Stone appointed Lieutenant-Governor — 
Toleration Act — Providence Settlement — Robert Brooke^ 
Esq. — Commissioners sent by the Council of State — 
Treaty with Indians — Brooke* s Dismissal — Calvert County 
— Seizure of Public Records. — Battle at Providence — 
Josias Fendall appointed Lieutenant-Governor. 

1. On the 17th of August, 1648, Lord Bal- 
timore appointed Colonel William Stone 
his Lieutenant-Governor. Stone was from 
Northampton county, Virginia, and was a Protest- 
ant. He was appointed on condition of bringing 

Ingle? 12« What occurred two years after ? 13. When did 
Governor Calvert die ? How many of the seventeen gentle- 
men now remained alive ? 

1. What of Colonel Stone? Where was Colonel Stone 
3* 



30 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

into the province five hundred colonists of British 
or Irish descent ; and his oath of office required him 
not to trouble, molest, or discountenance any one 
professing to believe in Jesus Christ, and, in j^ctr- 
ticular, no Roman Catholic. 

2. In the Assembly of the following year, 1649, 

_ ^ the celebrated Toleration Act, so called, was 
1649. ■ ^ .11 1 

passed, (jrreat pams have been taken to 

make it appear that this act emanated from Lord 

Baltimore. But in his commission to Governor 

Stone we are shown, in his own words, that it 

was proposed to him. 

3. Of the five hundred colonists engaged to be 
brought in by Governor Stone, about one hun- 
dred Protestants, known as Puritans, came from 
Virginia. These settled on the Severn River, near 
and around where Annapolis now is. They called 
the place Providence. The rest came in mainly 
from Virginia also, and from England. They 
were mostly, if not entirely, of the Church of 
England, and settled on the bay and its tribu- 
taries south of the Severn down to the Patuxent. 
They very early had churches near St. Leonard's 
Creek, at Herring Creek, and near South River. 
This region was called Anne Arundel county. 

4. On the 20th of September, Robert Brooke, 

* 

from ? On wliat conditions was he appointed ? 2. What 
of the Toleration Act? 3. Of the five hundred colonists 
brought in ? V/horo had they churches ? 4, What of Robert 



CHARLES COUNTY. 31 

Esq., in England, received a commission from 

Lord Baltimore to be one of the Council in 

1649. 
Maryland, and the commander of a county 

to be created for him, called Charles county, which 

was to embrace the territory south and southwest 

of the Patuxent, from the bay up that river as far 

as where Benedict now is. 

5. Brooke came over with his colonists in the 
following year. They were all of the Church 

of England ; and w4th them came the first 
minister of that Church who settled on the West- 
ern Shore. Their church was not far below Bene- 
dict, near the Patuxent. 

6. In September, 1651, the government of 

England beins; in the hands of the Parlia- 

1651. 
ment, its ^^ Council of State'' sent over com- 
missioners to receive the allegiance of Virginia 
and Maryland; and among these commissioners 
was named Colonel Claiborne. 

7. In March of the following year two of 
the Commissioners came to Maryland, and. 
Governor Stone declining to act under their 
authority, the government was placed in the 
hands of a Council, of which Mr. Brooke was 
made president. Maryland thus a second time 
fell under the government of the Protestants, and 



Brooke, Esq. ? 5. Of his colonists? 6. What did the Par- 
liament do? 7. What took place in 1652? Under whose 



32 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

Colonel Claiborne again came into possession of 
Kent Island. 

8. In July, 1652, tlie Susquehanna Indians, 
by treaty, gave up to the province all their ter- 
ritory on the west side of the bay from the Pa- 
tuxent River to the Susquehanna, and all on 
the east side from the Choptank River to the 
North-East Branch near the Susquehanna. This 
territory includes the present Talbot, Queen 
Anne, Kent, Howard, Carroll, Baltimore, and 
Harford counties, with the greater part of Cecil 
county. Below the Choptank, however, the 
Indians kept up hostilities during this and the 
following year. 

9. In June, 1653, Governor Stone agreed to 
act under the authority of the Commission- 
ers, and was reinstated in office. Mr. Brooke,. 

however, was dismissed by Lord Baltimore from 
his Council, and, by his lordship's instructions, 
Governor Stone reassumed the government under 
him. There were now two governments in the 
province, — one in St. Mary's, under Lord Bal- 
timore, the other in Anne Arundel, under the 
Commissioners. 

10. On the 3d of July, Governor Stone united 

government did Maryland fall for a second time ? 8. What 
of a treaty with the Indians? What territory was se- 
cured? 9. Of Governor Stone? Mr. Brooke? Of two 
governments ? 10. What of Governor Stone ? What of 



CALVERT COUNTY. 33 

Mr. Brooke's Charles county with the lower part 
of Anne Arundel, forming a new county which 
was named Calvert. In October the Commission- 
ers called an Assembly, excluding the Roman 
Catholics and all who had borne arms against the 
Parliament. At this Assembly, which met in 
Anne Arundel, the name of Providence was given 
to Anne Arundel county, and the new county of 
Calvert was called Patuxent. 

11. Instigated by Lord Baltimore, Governor 
Stone sought to bring Providence and 
Patuxent counties under his own jurisdic- 
tion. In March, 1655, with a military force of 
about two hundred men gathered in St. Mary's, 
he marched to Patuxent, seized the public records 
of the province, and then proceeded to Provi- 
dence. 

12. There a battle took place with the Provi- 
dence men, on the neck of land southeast of where 
the State-house now is, in which Governor Stone 
was defeated, with the loss of fifty men killed and 
wounded, and the rest taken prisoners. Thus 
ended the St. Mary's expedition, and, for the 
time-being, Lord Baltimore's government in the 
province. 

13. Lord Baltimore himself, however, did not 



Anne Arundel county ? 11. What did Governor Stone do? 
Where did he march? 12. What of a battle? The result? 



34 



MARYLAND HISTORY. 



SO readily give up. On the 10th of July, 
1656, he appointed Josias Fendall, Esq., his 
Lieutenant-Governor. The government at 




MAP OF THE BATTLE-GROUND. 



Providence at once arrested Fendall and threw 
him into prison ; but he was soon after released, 
upon his promise, under oath, not to disturb the 
existing government. 



13. What did Lord Baltimore then do? Who was arrested? 
What of FendalVs release ? 



QUAKERS. 35 



CHAPTER VII. 

Restoratioji of the Province to Lord Baltimore — St. Mary^s 
County — Quakers — Action of the Lower House of Assem- 
bly — Dismissal of Lieutenant-Governor Fendall — Philip 
Calvert Lieutenant-Governor — Settlements of the Eastern 
Shore — Cornwallis — Somerset County — Naturalization 
Act — Curious Proceeding in the Assembly — Witchcraft. 

1. After much negotiation in England be- 
tween Lord Baltimore and the Commission- 

ers agents, the government oi the province 
was restored to his lordship, under an agreement 
entered into on the 30th of November, 
1657, and on the 24th of March following 
it was formally surrendered to Governor Fendall. 

2. Just previous to the last date, St. Mary's 
county was divided, and the northern part of 
it, from the intersection of the Wicomico River 
with the Potomac northward, was called Charles 
county ; and a few months after the name of Provi- 
dence was changed back to Arundel county, and 
that of Patuxent to Calvert county. 

3. In July the case of the Quakers came up. 
They alleged that they were governed by God's 

1, What negotiations were entered into? When was the 
government surrendered by Governor Fendall ? 2. What of 
St. Mary's county ? Of Providence ? 3. Of the Quakers ? 



36 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

law and the light within, and not by man^s. In 
carrying out these principles, it was charged, they 
disturbed the government. They were all, there- 
fore, ordered to leave the province before the 5th 
of the following month, under penalty of being 
treated as rebels and traitors. 

4. In August, 1659, the Quakers having paid 

no attention to the decree of 1658, thev were 
1659 

ordered to be banished, and it was directed 

that if found in the province again they should 

be whij)ped thirty lashes at every constable's till 

they were out of it ; no person was permitted to 

harbor or conceal them, upon pain of a fine of 

five hundred pounds of tobacco. This decree, 

like the former, proved of no effect ; and, though 

some of the Quakers were imprisoned, the sect 

greatly increased both in numbers and wealth. 

5. In the year 1660, on the General Assembly's 

beino- convened, the Lower House declared 
itself to be the Assembly and highest court 
of judicature, without dependence on any other 
power. This set aside the authority of Lord 
Baltimore, and struck away the Upper House. 
In obedience "to the will of the people," Gover- 
nor Fendall and two of the Council gave in their 



V/liat did they allege ? What were they ordered to do ? 4. 
Did they obey the order? What further order was issued 
to compel obedience ? 5. What did the Lower House ot 



EASTERN SHORE SETTLEMENTS. 37 

adherence and took their seats in the Lower House. 
The Governor then became its president, and 
accepted a commission from the Assembly, resign-^ 
ing his commission from Lord Baltimore. 

6. This in due time coming to the ears of Lord 
Baltimore, on the 24th of June he dismissed 
Fendall, and appointed his brother, Philip Cal- 
vert, Lieutenant-Governor. Two months after 
this, he ordered Calvert to arrest Fendall, and on 
no account to pardon him. "This," said he, "is 
a positive declaration." But the people were too 
much in the ascendant: the order could not be^ 
executed, and, on his submission, Fendall was- 
pardoned, part of his estate, however, being con- 
fiscated. The other leaders were similarly fa- 
vored. 

7. In 1661 settlements were made in the lower 
parts of the Eastern Shore, from the adjoin- 
ing country in Virginia. These settlers were 

of the Church of England. A few years after- 
wards they were joined by a considerable number 
of Presbyterians, emigrants from Scotland; and 
here, indeed, was the cradle of Presbyterian ism 
in the United States. During this and the three 



Assembly declare ? How did this affect Lord Baltimore ? 
Of Governor Fendall ? 6. What did Lord Baltimore do 
next? Whom did he appoint Lieutenant-Governor? What 
did he order Philip Calvert to do ? What resulted ? 7. 
What settlements in 1661 ? Describe the settlers. 8. Wha, 
4 



38 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

following years the Indians continued their depre- 
dations. 

8. In 1662, Philip Calvert was succeeded in 
the government by Lord Baltimore's son 
Charles. In the year following, Cornwallis, 

the only remaining one of the seventeen gentle- 
men who had embarked for Maryland from Eng- 
land in 1633, went back to his native country. 
The population of the province was now nearly 
sixteen thousand. 

9. In 1666 the settlements on the Eastern 

Shore near Virarinia were erected into a 
1666. , . 1 TO .1 

county, w^hich was named bomerset, m honor 

of his lordship's sister. Lady Mary Somerset. In 

the commission given to the magistrates appointed 

for this county, they were directed, under oath, to 

inquire, among other things, respecting witchcrafts, 

enchantments, sorceries, and magic arts. 

10. As showing not only the influx of immi- 
grants, but also the various nationalities of which 
the population of the province was composed, 
other than those of English or Irish descent, it 
may be here stated that in this year there were 
naturalized, and, by acts of Assembly, made citi- 
zens, persons from France, Bohemia, and Spain, 
and, subsequently, from Holland, Italy, and other 

succeeded Philip Calvert ? What of the last of the seventeen 
gentlemen ? 9. What settlements on the Eastern Shore in 
1666 ? 10. What of naturalization of citizens ? 11. What cu- 



WITCHCRAFT. 39 

countries. This act of 1666 was the first act of 
the kind passed by any American legislative body. 

11. A curious proceeding of the General Assem- 
bly may be here noted. On the 1st of May, 
1666, a member was presented by the Lower to 
the Upper House, charged with having disturbed 
the whole House, by calling tliem papists, rogues, 
pitiful rogues, puppies, &c. By order of the Upper 
House, he was brought before it by the sheriff; 
whereupon he said that he remembered none of 
the words alleged, but that he was in drink. The 
Upper House adjudged the answer altogether un- 
satisfactory, and that no person of full age should 
take advantage by drunkenness in such a case. 
It was therefore ordered that he be tied to the 
apple-tree before the House of Assembly, be there 
publicly whipped upon the bare back thirty-nine 
lashes, and be then brought into both Houses of 
Assembly to ask their forgiveness. 

12. John Connor, it is recorded, in 1674, had 

been convicted and condemned for witchcraft, 

1674. 
conjuration, sorcery, or enchantment. The 

Lower House petitioned for his reprieve, which 

was granted, with this proviso, that the sheriff 

carry him to the gallows, and, the rope being round 

his neck, it there be made known to him how 

riousproceeding in the Assembly ? What judgment was passed 
upon the offender ? 12. What of John Connor and witch- 
craft ? 



40 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

much he was beholden to the Lower House for 
their intercession. This is the only case of prose- 
cution for these crimes met with in the Maryland 
journals of legislation. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



Death of Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore — His Successors 
— Population in 1677 — Complaint of the Bishop of Lon- 
don — Lord Baltimore's Reply — Singidar Occurrence in 
the Assembly — King's Orders — Morals — Population — 
Printing- Pr^ess. 

1. On the 3d of November, 1675, Cecilius, Lord 
Baltimore, died, aged about seventy, and his 
son, Charles Calvert, who for the last thirteen 

years had been Governor of this province, suc- 
ceeded to his titles and estates. He continued to 
reside in Maryland as its Governor — except during 
a visit to England in 1677 — for eleven years. 
The population now is stated to have reached 
twenty thousand. 

2. On the 7th of July, 1677, the Bishop of 
London, in a memorial to the Privy Council, 
stated that in Maryland there was no settled 

maintenance for ministers, the ^ant whereof, said 

1. When did Cecilius, the second Lord Baltimore, die? 
Who succeeded him? 2. What of the Bishop of London? 



CHURCHES. 41 

he, occasioned a total absence in many places of 
ministers and divine worship, except those of the 
Roman belief, who w^ere held to amount to not 
more than one in a hundred of the people. 

3. Lord Baltimore, then in England, was sum- 
moned to answer the complaint ; and he replied 
to it, that the Presbyterians, Independents, and 
Quakers constituted three-fourths of the popu- 
lation, and that there were four Church-of-Eng-. 
land ministers who had a decent subsistence. 

4. In the session of the Assembly of Novem- 
ber, 1682, the followino; circumstance oc- 

\ . ^ . 1682, 

curred, which may give us some idea of the 

temper and the customs of the times. The Lower 

House refused to receive messages from the Upper 

by its members having their swords on. The 

Upper House then voted that no one from the 

Lower should come in with a message without 

taking off his hat. This was aimed at some 

Quakers. The controversy continued some days, 

but the Upper House at length yielded. 

5. In 1684, Lord Baltimore was ordered by 
the king to put all the offices in the province 
into the hands of the Protestants. But he 
returned to England the same year without doing 
so, leaving the government of the province in the 



3, What did Lord Baltimore answer ? 4. What occurred in 
the Assembly in 1682? 5. What order was issued by the 

4* 



42 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

hands of a commission, of which William Joseph, 
Esq., was president, under the nominal governor- 
ship of his infant son, Benedict Leonard Calvert. 

6. In April, 1687, the writ of quo warranto 
was issued by the king, requiring Lord Bal- 
timore to show cause why his charter should 

not be forfeited. Before the proceedings could 
be terminated, however, the king (James II.) 
was himself deposed, and fled from England; and 
thus the charter was saved to the Proprietary. 

7. At the meeting of the Assembly, November 
14, 1688, the president in his address repre- 
sented the morals of the province in respect 

to drunkenness, adultery, Sabbath-breaking, and 
swearing as alarming, and as calling for legislative 
enactments to furnish a remedy. The Lower 
House concurred in his statements. The popu- 
lation now was set down as twenty-five thousand, 
— an increase of nine thousand in the twenty-six 
years since 1662, when the government had been 
restored to his lordship. 

8. At this period there was a printing-press in 
Maryland, and the province had a public printer. 
We find nothing to show, however, that the press 
was used for any other than governmental pur- 
poses. 

king ? Was the order executed ? 6. What did the king then 
do ? What was the result ? 7. What was the state of morals 
in the province in 1688? The population ? 8. Printing-press? 



PKOTESTANT REVOLUTION. 43 



CHAPTER IX. 

Protestant Revolution — Articles of Impeachment against 
Lord Baltimore — William and Mary — Governor Copley — 
Jacobites — Cattle Pestilence — Post between the Potomac 
and Philadelphia — Conversion of the Indians — King's 
Library — King's Commands regarding Game, &c. 

1. Ox the 1st of August, 1689, occurred what 
is known as the Protestant Revolution , ^„ 

1689. 

in Maryland, when Lord Baltimore's officials 
surrendered to the Protestants in arms, and the 
government passed into the hands of a Protest- 
ant association. This was the third time that the 
Protestants had come into its possession during 
the fifty-five years of its existence. 

2. The Lower House, at their last assembly, had 
presented as grievances, that instead of receiving 
for rents, &c., tobacco at twopence per pound, 
according to law, his lordship's receivers demanded 
money ; that he had failed to appoint naval offi- 
cers as the law required ; that by his sheriffs he 
had arrested citizens and carried them before 
the Provincial Court, at the same time keeping 
them in ignorance of the charges against them ; 



1. What of the Protestant Revolution? 2. What griev- 
ances did the Lower House present? 3. Of articles of impeach- 



44 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

that that court was held at a perilous season of 
the year, &c. 

3. Articles of impeachment were now brought 
against him for several insolences, misdemeanors, 
and outrages on the part of his agents, aiming at 
the subversion of the king's authority here, for 
endeavoring to obliterate the two shillings per 
hogshead for the support of the colonial govern- 
ment, and for misapplying some thirty-six thou- 
sand pounds sterling, and refusing to give any 
account thereof, — "charges," said those making 
them, "which we are able and willing to prove, 
defend, and maintain." 

4. They subsequently testified to the Lords of 
Plantations that no oath to his majesty was im- 
posed on any government officer, but only an oath 
of fidelity to his lordship; that no appeals from 
the courts were allowed to England, that no arms 
nor ammunition had been provided for the de- 
fence of the province, and that fort-duties were 
appropriated to the Proprietor. 

5. In 1691 the government of the province 

passed into the hands of Kino^ AYilliam 
1691. 

and Queen Mary, who appointed Lionel 

Copley their Governor in Maryland. On his 

arrival in 1692, he called a meeting of the Gene- 

ioent ? 4. What was testified to the Lords of Plantations ? 
5, What change was now made in the government by William 
and Mary ? What did Governor Copley do on his arrival ? 



SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 



45 



ral Assembly. At this Assembly the second act 
passed was one making the Protestant religion of 
the Church of England the established re- _^^ 

1692 

ligion of Maryland. Under this law the 

ten counties were divided by the county justices 

and freeholders into thirty parishes. 




WILLIAM AND MARY. 



6. Governor Copley died in the following year, 

and was succeeded by Sir Francis Nicholson. 

•^ 1694. 

In October, 1694, the seat of government 

was transferred from St. Mary's to Annapolis, in 

Anne Arundel county, where it still continues. 

One of the troubles of the times was the exist- 



What important act was passed ? G. What further of Gov- 
ernor Copley? To what place was the seat of government 



46 MAKYLAND HISTORY. 

ence of adherents here of the exiled King James. 
They were called Jacobites, and were consider- 
able in numbers and influence. 

7. A remarkable pestilence broke out in 1694 
among the cattle and hogs of the province. The 
Governor ordered returns to be made to him, by 
the sheriffs of the counties, of the numbers thus 
taken off. According to these returns, there had 
died twenty-five thousand four hundred and 
twenty-nine cattle, and sixty-two thousand three 
hundred and seventy-three hogs, being three and 
one-half to every inhabitant, or more than seven- 
teen to every family, in the province. 

8. Another fact, of at least antiquarian curiosity, 
may be here stated. On the 20th of May, 
1695, proclamation was made of an agree- 
ment entered into with Captain Perry to be post 
between the Potomac and Philadelphia eight times 
a year. Starting from Newton's Point, Wicomico, 
on the Potomac, he was to go by Allen's Mill (now 
called Fresh), Benedict, Leonard Town, cross- 
ing the Patuxent at Mr. Lingan's, by Mr. Lar- 
kin's, and by South River, to Annapolis ; thence 
to Kent Island, and by Oxford and Newcastle. 
The stages were to start on the last Monday in 
June. This w^as the earliest mail-route in Mary- 
removed in 1694? Of the Jacobites? 7. Of a remarkable 
pestilence ? What did the returns show ? 8. What of a post 
to Philadelphia ? Describe the route. 9. What of the con- 



king's library. 47 

land. It connected Williamsburg, the seat of 
government in Virginia, with Philadelphia. 

9. Among the inquiries made by the Board of 
Trade and Plantations, at this time, of the 
Governor and Council, it was asked, what 
methods are best to be taken for the conversion 
of the Indians ? It was answered that the best 
way of converting them was by the good example 
of the English colonists and clergy, and by endea- 
vors on the part of the whites to learn the lan- 
guage of the Indians, so as to become capable 
of conversing with them. 

10. In 1697 the king presented to Annapolis 

a valuable library, the books of which were all 

labelled on the covers. The remains of this library 

are now in the librarv of St. John's Col- 

-' 1697. 

lege. On the burning of the State-House, 

in part, in 1704, the library was removed to King 

William's school ; and the books that remained 

were transferred to its successor St. John's, when 

that came into existence in 1784. Many of those 

rare and curious old works are still to be found 

scattered about the State, where they were probably 

loaned more than a hundred years ago. 

11. In this year the Governor received from the 



version of the Indians? What plan was suggested? 10. 
What of the king's present? Where are the remains of this 
library now ? Whither was it removed on the burning of the 
State-house ? Where are some of these books now found ? 



48 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

king a command to send to him all the wild deer, 
turkeys, and partridges, mocking-birds and other 
song-birds, and wild animals, that could be pro- 
cured. It was therefore ordered that as many as 
possible be obtained, as a token of gratitude to 
his majesty, who had done so great things for his 
subjects here. The mocking-birds appear to have 
specially pleased King William, as the next year 
he sent for one hundred more of them. 



CHAPTER X. 



Mineral Spring — Charlotte Hall — State-House struck hy 
Lightning — Rev. Dr. Bray — King's Order, and Reply of 
the Upper Hotise — Toleration Law — German Emigrants 
— Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore — Population. 

1. In 1698 a spring having medicinal proper- 
ties was discovered in St. Mary's county, at 
1698. 1 • 1 1 

which- a great many poor people soon assem- 
bled, hoping to be benefited by the use of its waters. 
Being informed of this, Governor Nicholson ap- 
pointed a man to read prayers there every day, 
sent them Bibles and prayer-books, and, besides 
other provisions, gave them a lamb every week. 

11. What did the king command in 1697? What was or- 
dered in consequence ? What specially pleased King William \ 
1. What of a mineral spring ? What did Governor Nichol- 



THE STATE-HOUSE. 49 

The place is now known as Charlotte Hall. 
Soon after this, Nicholson was appointed Gover- 
nor of Virginia. 





«-^-*'-* 



COLONIAL ARMORY, ERECTED 1T06. HOUSE OF BURGESSES. ERECTED ABOUT 

1700. 

2. In 1699 the State-house was struck by light- 
ning while the Assembly was in session. 
The flag-staif was splintered, the vane shaken 
down, the flag burnt, the roof set on fire, the 
door-posts and window-frames shattered, and seve- 
ral of the delegates struck down, one of whom 
was killed. A shower of rain falling immedi- 
ately, by the exertions of the members the State- 
son do? What is the place now called? 2. What about 
lightning ? What damage did it do ? What further of this 
5 



50 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

house was saved. A public thanksgiving was 
ordered soon afterwards. 

3. In 1700, the Rev. Dr. Bray, the Bishop of 
London's Commissary for Maryland, ar- 
rived in the province. Soon after he held 

a visitation of the clergy at Annapolis, at which 
were present eighteen clergymen, ministering in 
twenty-one of the thirty parishes. Not long after 
this meeting the Couimissary returned to England, 
for the purpose of furthering in the mother-country 
the interests of the Maryland church. 

4. The king having directed supplies to be 
sent to New York from all the colonies to aid in 
carrying on the Indian War then existing, the 
Maryland Upper House of Assembly answered, — 
and the answer shows something of the state of the 
province, — that the Indians had as easy access to 
Maryland as to New York, that several nations 
of them were on the frontier, often committing 
rapine and murder, which within the last three 
years had cost the province one hundred thousand 
pounds of tobacco, and that to raise supplies by 
a money-tax was impossible, few of the families 
having so much as five shillings of ready money, 
and the greater part being without the means to 
raise it. 



misfortune ? 3. What of Dr. Bray ? For what purpose did 
he return to England ? 4. What did the king order ? What 



ENGLISH TOLEEATION ACT. 61 

5. It was set forth, furthermorej that the pro- 
vince had several times been reduced to 

. . , 1 . . , 1700. 

great extremities by taxes, to the impoverish- 
ing and almost entire destruction of men and pro- 
perty; that great expense had been incurred, 
which had not yet been discharged, in building 
a State-house, a free school, and a church ; that 
none but laborers or best men of the province 
should be sent, and that if they were sent it would 
lessen the ability to meet the public expenses of the 
province. In view of this state of affairs, they 
asked to be excused from the requisition made 
upon them. 

6. The law establishing the Church had pro- 
vided for the toleration of those wlio were not 
members of it. But in 1702 the provisions 
of the English Toleration Act were by express 

law extended to Protestant dissenters ; and the 

1702 
Quakers were therein declared to be entitled 

to the benefit of the English law permitting their 

affirmation to be received, instead of an oath. 

In 1704, however, owing to their proselyting zeal, 

the ministry of the Romish priests was restricted 

in its exercise to private families. 

7. In 1710, many Palatines, or German emi- 
grants, had come into the province, and they 



reply was sent? 5. What further? 6. How was the Eng- 
lish Toleration Act modified ? 7. What of German emi- 



52 MARYLAND HISTORY. 



appear to have settled in what afterwards became 



1710. 



Frederick county. In order to encourage 
their industry, they were released for the time- 
being from the payment of their assessment in all 
public levies. From this class of emigrants have 
sprung the various German denominations of 
Christians now in Maryland. 

8. On the 20th of February, 1714, Charles, 
Lord Baltimore, died, aged eighty-four, and 
was succeeded by his son Benedict Leonard 

Calvert, who had renounced Romanism and con- 
formed to the Church of England. The new 
Proprietor, however, survived his father little 
more than a year, dying April 16, 1715, some- 
what above thirty years of age ; and with him 
ended the royal government in Maryland. 

9. During the twenty-six years since Lord 
Baltimore's government had ceased in the province, 
two new counties had been erected, and the popu- 
lation had increased to forty-four thousand, — the 
increase being more than double that of the pre- 
vious twenty-six years. 



grants? What have sprung from this class of emigrants? 

8. What of Charles, Lord Baltimore ? By whom succeeded ? 

9. What of the population at this time ? 



LORD BALTIMORE. 53 



CHAPTER XI. 

Charles, Lord Baltimore — Governor Hart — Claims of the 
Roman Catholics — Annapolis — Market-House — Arrival 
of Scotch Prisoners — Baltimore — Pennsylvania Border 
Difficulties — Survey by Mason and Dixon. 

1. Charles, Lord Baltimore, succeeded on 
his father's death, in 1715, as Proprietor 

of Maryland, and, having been educated a 
Protestant, and still professing to be one, the 
government of the province was restored to him 
by the king. The royal Governor at that time — 
Governor Hart — was continued by him in his 
office. The Proprietor's annual income from his 
land-rents in the province is stated to have been 
about thirteen thousand dollars. 

2. Taking advantage of Lord Baltimore's resto- 
ration to the government, the Roman Catholics 
now claimed an equal part in the government 
with the Protestants. Several of them were sum- 
moned before the Governor to show the grounds 
of their claim. He decided that their claim was 
contrary to the terms of the charter ; and in this 
he was sustained by the General Assembly. The 

1. What of Charles, Lord Baltimore? Governor Hart? 
2. What did the Roman Catholics claim ? How was the claim 
5* 



54 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

Roman Catholics, consequently, continued, as under 
the royal government, disfranchised. 

3. Annapolis had now been the seat of govern- 
ment for more than twenty years. Some eight or 
nine years before this, a French traveller had said 
of it that it was a very inconsiderable town; 
" but,'^ he added, ^^ of the few buildings it contains, 
at least three-fourths may be styled elegant and 
grand ; and female luxury here exceeds -sv^iat is 
known in France in the provinces." 

4. In 1717 it was ordered that none of the m- 
habitants of the city should buy any flesh 
or fish, living or dead, or eggs, butter, or 

cheese, — oysters excepted, — at their own houses, 
but should repair to buy the same at the flagge- 
staffe, on the State-house hill, until such time as 
there should be a market-house built, on penalty 
of a fine of sixteen shillings eight pence, current 
money. The market was to be opened at eight or 
nine o'clock in the morning, and the drum to 
beat half of a quarter of an hour, to give notice 
thereof; and no person was to presume to buy any 
thing until the drum had ceased beating. The 
market-days were on Wednesday and Saturday. 

5. In 1721 a cargo of Scotch prisoners came in. 



decided ? 3. What of Annapolis ? What did a French tra- 
veller say of Annapolis ? 4, What was ordered in 1717 ? 
5. What of a cargo of Scotch prisoners ? Of a second cargo ? 



65 

They had been taken at the battle of Pres- 
ton, six years before, when fighting for the 
restoration of the Pretender to the throne of 
Great Britain. A still larger number were brought 
in after another defeat, thirty years later. They 
were known as the " king's passengers ;" but many 
became valuable citizens. The Scotch, indeed, 
have formed a large element of the population 
of Maryland, and have been noted for their enter- 
prise, energy, and success in life. 

6. In 1728 the town of Baltimore was created 
by an act of the General Assembly, sixty- 
five years after the first settlement made 
there. It was located at the head of Patapsco 
Bay, about twelve miles from the Chesapeake, on 
sixty acres of land divided into sixty lots. The 
northwestern corner-lot is that on which St. 
Paul's Church now stands, and where its three 
predecessors have stood. Four years after this, 
the legislature made tobacco and Indian corn a 
legal tender, the former at one penny per pound, 
the latter at twenty pence per bushel. 

7. In 1735 began the Pennsylvania border 
difficulties, which eventually became so trouble- 



What were these prisoners called ? What further of them ? 
6. What of the town of Baltimore? Where was it located? 
What of the northwestern corner-lot ? What of a legal ten- 
der ? 7. What of Pennsylvania border difficulties ? What 



6Q 



MARYLAND HISTOEY. 



some. In 1681 a grant or charter had been 
obtained from the king for Pennsylvania, 
comprising the territory north of Maryland 
and west of the Delaware River. On examina- 
tion, it was found that its southern boundary, as 




ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, 1866. 



laid down in the charter, conflicted with the 
boundary of Maryland, Penn claiming that his 
south line was several miles below what Lord 
Baltimore claimed as his north line. 

8. The difference was so great that the matter 
could not be settled by the Proprietors themselves, 
and it was referred to the king. In 1685 a deci- 



did Penn claim ? 8. What of these difficulties ? What deci- 



57 

sion was obtained from the Lords of Trade and 
Plantations, to the effect that Lord Baltimore's 
grant included only " lands uncultivated and occu- 
pied by savages," and that the territory along the 
Delaware had been settled by Christians antece- 
dently to his grant, and was not included in it. 

9. Had the decision been the same in 1638, 
Colonel Claiborne would have peaceably re- 
tained Kent Island. Now, Lord Baltimore 

lost all of Delaware, — one million two hundred 
and sixty-seven thousand acres, — and fifteen miles' 
breadth of territory along his entire northern line 
of boundary, being nearly two million acres. 

10. Owing, however, to circumstances, a final 
settlement was not effected till 1735, when the 
king directed proceedings in chancery to be in- 
stituted. Land-grants in the contested territory 
had been made at that time by each of the Pro- 
prietors, and these conflicting grants led to tu- 
mults, border excesses, and violence, even to 
bloodshed. This state of affairs continued for 
five years. The chancery decision was not ob- 
tained till 1750; and ten years more elapsed be- 
fore the line between Maryland and Pennsylvania 
was completed. This line was run by the survey- 

sion was obtained ? 9. What further on this subject? What 
did Lord Baltimore lose? 10. What of a final settlement? 
What of land-grants ? To what did these conflicting grants 
lead ? When was the chancery decision made ? Who were 



58 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 

ors Mason and Dixon : hence the term Mason 
and Dixon's line. 

11. The agreement for this survey was made 
between the heirs of Penn and Calvert, May 10, 
1732; but the work was not completed till De- 
cember, 1767, so various were the delays and dis- 
putes, and so numerous the appeals to the court 
of chancery in England. 

12. Jeremiah Mason and Charles Dixon were 
mathematicians and astronomers. They arrived 
in Philadelphia in November, 1763, and at once 
proceeded with their work. They employed a car- 
penter to construct an observatory, which was the 
first in America. Having fixed the point of in- 
tersection of the Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
Delaware lines, they continued their line due west 
two hundred and forty-four miles. They met with 
much opposition from roving bands of Indians. 
Their company consisted of red men and white 
men, surveyors, chain-bearers, axe-men, cooks, 
and baggage-carriers. 

13. At the end of every fifth mile a stone was 
placed, graven with the arms of the Penn family 
on one side, and with those of Lord Baltimore on 
the other. The intermediate miles were denoted 

the surveyors ? 11. Who made the agreement for this sur- 
vey? When was it completed? 12. What of Mason and 
Dixon? What opposition did they meet? Who composed 
the surveying party? 13. What was placed at the end of 



GREAT REBELLION SUPPRESSED. 59 

by smaller stones, having an M on one side and 
a P on the other. 

14. The trade of Maryland at this time (1736) 
employed one hundred and thirty vessels. 
A large portion of this trade was in tobacco, 
— which, indeed, was the staple of Maryland. The 
records, ten years later, show an exportation of 
fifty thousand hogsheads of tobacco. Wheat and 
Indian corn, also, were exported in large quan- 
tities. 



CHAPTER XII. 



Cheat Rebellion suppressed — Rejoicings thereat — Maryland 
Gazette — Commerce — Iron — Death of Charles, Lord Bal- 
timore — Population — Lord Fairfax — Boundary Question 
— Maryland Frontier — Massacre by the Indians. 

1. In 1745 the great rebellion in England was 
suppressed. This secured the Protestant 
succession on the throne of England, put an 
end to the hopes of tlie last Pretender, and de- 
livered the kingdom from papal persecution and 



every fifth mile ? How were the intermediate miles denoted ? 
14. What of the trade of Maryland in 1736? What of ex- 
ports ten years after this ? 

1. What of the great rebellion in England? What did 



60 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

from the fear of invasion from abroad. The news 
caused great rejoicing in Maryland. The Gov- 
ernor issued a proclamation for a public thanks- 
giving, and religious services were held in all the 
churches. 

2. In Annapolis, and in other places, the sup- 
pression of the rebellion was celebrated by the 

firing of guns, and by other demonstrations 
of joy. There was a ball in the evening, the 
city was illuminated, and a great quantity of punch 
was distributed among the populace at their bon- 
fires. The Protestants were jubilant. 

3. This year the publication of the " Maryland 
Gazette" was commenced in Annapolis, by Jonas 
Green, who for five years had been printer to the 
province. This paper continued to be published 
by him during his life, and after him by his de- 
scendants, for nearly one hundred years. A file 
of it is in the State library. 

4. From the answers to queries of the Board 

of Trade and Plantations, in 1748, we find 
1748. 

that there were not above fifty vessels owned 

by Marylanders engaged in the trade, but that 
these carried four hundred tons, and were navi- 
gated by four hundred men ; that there were a 



this secure ? How was the news received ? 2. What was 
done at Annapolis ? 3. What of the Maryland Gazette ? 
4. What of vessels owned by Marylanders, &c. ? Of mines 



DEATH OF CHARLES, LORD BALTIMORE. 61 

great many iron-mines, some of which were very 
good ; that eight furnaces made pig iron and nine 
bar iron ; and that the white population at this 
time was ninety-four thousand, and the black 
thirty-six thousand. The population had been 
much increased by the influx of Germans. 

5. The number of Indians had greatly de- 
creased. They had before this begun by degrees 
to remove from the province; and during this 
year the great body of them removed from the 
Eastern Shore to Wyoming and Chemenk, carry- 
ing with them the exhumed bones of their fathers. 

6. In 1751, Charles, Lord Baltimore, died. In 
1727 he had for a year been Governor of 
Maryland, and again from 1733 to 1736. 
During his Proprietorship, Worcester county had 
been erected out of Somerset in 1742, and Frede- 
rick county, out of Prince George county, in 
1748. He was succeeded by his son Frederick. 

7. In answer to further inquiries by the Board 

of Trade and Plantations, in 1754, the num- 

1754. 
ber of white inhabitants was stated to be one 

hundred and ten thousand, and that of the blacks 

forty-six thousand. Since 1748 two thousand 

eight hundred Germans had been brought into 



and iron? Of the population in 1748? 5. Of the Indians? 

6. What of Charles, Lord Baltimore ? What counties were 

erected during his Proprietorship ? 7. What of the popula- 

6 



62 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

the province, and five thousand immigrants from 
Great Britain and Ireland. Of the Indians of 
the province there remained only one hundred and 
forty. The Roman Catholics, as returned by the 
sheriffs to the Governor, constituted one-twelfth 
of the population, and their landed estate was 
shown to be one-thirteenth of the whole. 

8. Lord Fairfax, the proprietor of what is 
called the "Northern neck of Virginia," had, 
without regard to the rights of Lord Baltimore, 
adopted the northern branch of the Potomac, in 
the Alleghany Mountains, as his boundary. In 
1753 Lord Baltimore directed his Lieutenant- 
Governor, Sharpe, to investigate the matter ; and 
it was ascertained that the true boundary was the 
south branch. A protest against Lord Fairfax's 
aggression was entered, but no attention was paid 
to it. Sundry attempts were afterwards made to 
set the matter right ; but to this day it remains 
unsettled. By this invasion of his charter, Lord 
Baltimore was deprived of nearly half a million 
acres of his territory. 

9. The Governor of Canada had, at this time, 
undertaken to maintain a communication between 
Quebec and New Orleans, along the Alleghany, 

tion in 1754? Of the Germans, &c. ? Of the Indians? 
What of the Roman Catholics at this time ? 8, What of Lord 
Fairfax and the northern boundary ? What did Lord Bal- 
timore direct? Was this question settled? 9. What of 



INDIAN MASSACRE. 63 

Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers. This project was 
resisted by the provinces of Pennsylvania and 
Virginia ; but their forces were defeated, and the 
Maryland frontier, in consequence, was left unpro- 
tected and exposed to the depredations of the 
savages. 

10. In 1754 Maryland raised two companies 
for the protection of her border; and the 
command of all the forces engaged against 

the French on the Ohio was conferred, by a royal 
commission, on Governor Sharpe. Early in 1755 
the troops under General Braddock, numbering 
twelve hundred men, were defeated, with the loss 
of sixty-four out of eighty-five officers, and one- 
half of the men killed or wounded. 

11. This defeat spread terror and desolation on 
the frontiers, and the panic extended even 

to the Chesapeake. In Frederick county 
the Indians killed a family of twelve, and soon 
after fifteen more. . Upwards of twenty planta- 
tions were laid waste, and their occupants mas- 
sacred or carried into captivity. The savages came 
within sixteen miles of Frederick. From that 
place west to the Conecocheague (hon-e-ko-cheeg') 
River, but two families remained in 1756. 

the Governor of Canada? What resistance was made? 10. 
What force did Maryland send ? Who commanded ? What 
happened in 1755 ? 11. How was the defeat regarded on the 
frontiers ? What of the Indians ? 



64 MAKYLAND HISTORY. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Memorial to the House of Delegates — Fort Frederick — 
Fort Duquesne captured — Taxation — Stone Windmill — 
Contributions in Aid of the Sufferers by a Fire in Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts — The Stamp Act — New State-House — 
Annapolis — Government House. 

1. A MEMORIAL addressed to the House of 
Delegates, in 1756, states that the French 
and their allies the Indians were commit- 
ting the most shocking barbarities in the back 
settlements, that the number of popish recusants 
had greatly increased, that some of these recusants 
held high offices in the province, that the Jesuit 
priests had accumulated great wealth, that they 
were believed to be in correspondence with the 
French, and were protected from the penalties of 
the courts. 

2. With these statements before it, the House 
asked that the penal laws of England be put 
in force in the province. Their request, how- 
ever, was not granted. The memorialists then 
petitioned that the House of Delegates would 



1. What memorial was sent to the House of Delegates? 
2. What was asked ? Was the request granted ? What fur- 



FORT DUQUESNE CAPTURED. 65 

present their grievances to the king and beg his 
interposition. 

3. Meantime Fort Frederick was built, on the 
Potomac, near Hancock. In 1768 the pro- 

1758 

vincial troops suiFered another defeat; but 
on the 22d of November Fort Duquesne (now 
Pittsburgh) was taken, — which ended the war. 
Maryland had furnished five hundred men for it, 
besides calling out the AVestern militia, at the 
cost of fifty thousand pounds (one hundred and 
thirty-three thousand dollars). The war being 
ended, the Governor, by proclamation, ordered a 
public thanksgiving. 

4. To meet the expenses of the war, the Gene- 
ral Assembly had resorted to taxation. 
Among the luxuries taxed are specified, 
after Avines and liquors, and before billiard-tables, 
bachelors. All of twenty-five years and upwards, 
worth one hundred pounds and less than three 
hundred pounds, were taxed five shillings, and if 
worth over three hundred pounds, then twenty 
shillings, per annum. A list of these was required 
to be returned to the Governor, annually, by the 
vestries of the several parishes. This tax was 
paid for five successive years. 



tlier was asked ? 3. Of Fort Frederick ? Of Fort Duquesne ? 

What number of men had Maryland furnished ? 4. Of 

taxation ? What were taxed ? How was a list of bachelors 

6* 



QQ MAEYLAND HISTORY. 

5. Turning from war to the things of peace, 
we find it recorded that in 17 60 a stone wind- 
mill was built on the Point, near Annapolis, 

where Fort Severn afterwards stood, and that it 
was then reckoned to be one of the best mills in 
the country. It ground twelve bushels in an 
hour. When the fort was built, the mill was 
destroyed. 

6. On the 20th of March, 1760, a fire broke 
out in Boston, which destroyed one hundred and 
seventy-four dwelling-houses, and as many ware- 
houses, shops, and other buildings. Two hundred 
and twenty families were left houseless by this 
disaster, and property to the amount of one hun- 
dred thousand pounds sterling was destroyed. 
The Governor of Massachusetts aj^pealed to the 
Governor of Maryland for relief. 

7. Governor Sharpe, accordingly, sent out his 
brief to all the worshipping congregations in the 
province, requesting them to take up collections 
for the sufferers, to be returned to him. The 
returns showed the very liberal response of one 
thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine pounds 
and ten pence, — nearly eight thousand dollars. 



obtained? How long was this tax imposed? 5. About 
a stone windmill? 6. Of a fire in Boston? What did the 
Governor of Massachusetts do ? 7. What did the Governor 
of Maryland do ? What response was made to the appeal ? 



STAMP ACT. 67 

Of this amount, one thousand five hundred and 
three pounds came from the congregations of the 
Established Church, one hundred and thirty-four 
pounds from the Quakers, one hundred and seven 
pounds from the Presbyterians, seventy -six pounds 
from the Roman Catholics, seven pounds from 
the Baptists, six pounds from the Dunkers, and 
nearly five pounds from the Lutherans. 

8. In 1765 the famous Stamp Act came from 
England. This produced intense excite- 
ment. The General Assembly was con- 
vened at once, delegates were appointed to the 
Congress at New York, chartered rights were re- 
declared, the officer for the distribution of stamps 
was burnt in effi.gy and compelled to flee from 
the province, the courts were all suspended, and 
newspapers ceased to be published. The public 
offices were compelled by the people to be kept 
open, even without the stamps, in violation of 
the act. 

9. In 1768 a number of the parishes undertook 
to set aside the presentation of ministers to 
them by Lord Baltimore. Coventry parish, 

in Somerset county, especially resisted; and the 
case was carried into court in Maryland, and de- 



Who contributed this large sum? 8, What of the Stamp 
Act ? What did the Assembly and the people do ? What 
of the public offices ? 9. What difficulties occurred in 1768? 



68 



MARYLAND HISTORY. 



cided against it. An appeal, however, being 
taken to the courts in England, the question 
was decided in favor of -the parish. 

10. The support of the clergy produced at this 
time much excitement, which was by no means 
beneficial to them. The clergy w^ere persistently 
opposed by the laity in the General Assembly, 
though at the same time a great deal of legisla- 
tion was effected in favor of the church. 




NEW STATE-HOUSE. 



11. On the 5th of June, Governor Sharpe was 
succeeded by Robert Eden, Esq., the last pro- 



10. What further excitement ? 11. Who succeeded Gov- 
ernor Sharpe ? What of a new State-house ? What re- 



ANNAPOLIS. 69 

vincial Governor. In 1769 an appropriation 

of seven thousand pounds sterlino^ was made 

1769 
by the General Assembly, for building a 

new State-house. The old one was pulled down, 
and the present one commenced, its foundation- 
stone being laid by Governor Eden, March 28, 
1772. On his striking the stone with the mal- 
let, a heavy clap of thunder was heard, though 
not a cloud was to be seen, the day being beauti- 
fully clear and serene. 

12. Annapolis never acquired a large popula- 
tion, nor any considerable degree of commer- 
cial importance. But it had at this time 
become conspicuous as the seat of wealth and 
fashion. The luxurious habits, elegant accom- 
plishments, and profuse liberality of its inhabit- 
ants were proverbial throughout the colonies. 
Said Mr. Eddis, in 1770, "There is not a town 
in England of the same size which can boast of 
a greater number of fashionable and handsome 
women ; and, were I not satisfied to the contrary, 
I should suppose that the majority of our belles 
possessed every advantage of a long and familiar 
intercourse with the manners and habits of the 
English metropolis." 

markable circumstance occurred at the laying of the corner- 
stone ? 12. What of Annapolis ? What had it become at 
this time? What did Mr. Eddis say of Annapolis in 1770? 



70 



MARYLAND HISTORY. 



13. Soon after his arrival in Maryland, Gov- 
ernor Eden purchased of Edmund Jennings, 
Esq., by whom it had been built, what has since 
been called the Government House. He added 
to it the long room and the wings, making it 
a commodious and delightful residence. From 




GOVERNMENT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, 



Governor Eden it passed into the hands of the 
State, and has been since occupied by his succes- 
sors in office. Now, after having been occupied 



13. What did Governor Eden purchase ? How did he add to 
it? Into whose hands did this house pass? What of it 
after nearly one hundred years ? 



DEATH OF LORD BALTIMORE. 71 

for nearly one hundred years by the Governors 
of Maryland, it is about to pass into the posses- 
sion of the United States, as an appendage of the 
Naval School. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



Death of the last Lord Baltimore— First Conference of the 
Methodist Church — Population in 177 J^— Burning of a 
Cargo ©/* Tea — Allegiance to the King — Approaching 
Hostilities — Fifth Convention — The Declaration of the 
Freemen of Maryland — Sixth Convention — Seventh Con- 
vention — Eighth Convention — Ninth Convention — Charles 
Carroll — Population. 

1. In 1771 the last Lord Baltimore died, leav- 
ing no children by his marriage. By his will, 
however, his Maryland possessions passed to 
an illegitimate son, — Henry Harford, — then a 
minor. At this time the Proprietor's annual 
revenue from his rents, deducting all his govern- 
ment expenses, is said to have been sixty-four 
thousand dollars. Among the people a litigious 
spirit prevailed. The idea of equality was every- 
where manifest, and little respect was paid to 
those in the higher stations of life, 

1. What of the last Lord Baltimore ? His annual income ? 



72 MARYLAND HISTOEY. 

2. The first Conference of the Methodist Church 
was held in Philadelphia, June 17, 1773. At 
this Conference ten preachers were present, 

four of whom had Maryland for their field. They 
reported their membership in all the provinces to 
be eleven hundred and sixty, of whom five hun- 
dred were in Maryland. They claimed to be of 
the Church of England. They utterly repudi- 
ated slavery, and would not permit their lay 
preachers to administer the sacraments. 

3. In 1774, Maryland claimed a population of 
three hundred and twenty thousand. Vir- 
ginia and Massachusetts were the only colo- 
nies which reported a greater number. The 
Revolution was making rapid progress, and the 
last provincial General Assembly was held in 
March of this year. This was succeeded in June 
by the first provincial convention, by which an 
association to cease all importations from or ex- 
portations to Great Britain was resolved on, and 
also a subscription in each county for the relief 
of Boston. 

4. On the 19th of October a cargo of tea was 
burned in Annapolis, in open day, the owners 



Of the spirit of the people? 2. What of the first Conference 
of the Methodist Church? What did they report? What 
did they claim? 3. Population in 1774? Of the Revolu- 
tion? What of the first provincial convention? 4. What 



BUKNING OF TEA. 73 

themselves kindling the fire that consumed it. 
On the 21st of November a second convention 
was held, by which it was resolved that every 
person in the "province ought strictly and invio- 





BURNING THE TEA-LADEN VESSEL. 



lably to observe and carry into execution the 
articles of association, and that balls be discon- 
tinued. On the 3d of December a third con- 
vention was held, by which it was resolved to in- 
crease the flocks of sheep, to manufacture linen 
and cotton, and, among other things, to prosecute 
no suit at law. 

5. On the 24th of April, 1775, a fourth con- 

of a cargo of tea ? Of the second convention ? The third ? 
5. Of the fourth convention? What recommendation was 

7 



74 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

vention was held. By this it was resolved that 
^^King George III. is lawful and right King 
of Great Britain and of the dominions 
thereto belonging, and that the people of this 
province do owe and will bear faith and true 
allegiance to him/' At the same time, par- 
ticular attention was recommended to be paid to 
forming and exercising the militia in every 
county. The 11th of May was set apart as a 
day of fasting and humiliation. 

6. Every thing now indicated approaching hos- 
tilities. The busy sound of preparation echoed 
throughout every settlement, and those who were 
not infected with the general excitement were 
considered enemies to the cause of liberty, branded 
with opprobrious epithets, and pointed out as 
victims of public resentment. 

7. A fifth convention met at Annapolis, in 

July. By this convention it was resolved 
1775. J J 

that the articles of association for the main- 
tenance of peace, good order, and law should be 
subscribed by all the freemen of the province, 
and those who should refuse were to be noted. 
Forty companies of minute-men, of eighty-two 
men each, were called for, and all able-bodied 



made? 6. Of approacliing hostilities ? 7. Of the fifth conyen- 
tion ? What was resolved ? Of minute-men ? Of a Council of 



DECLARATION OF FREEMEN. 75 

men, from sixteen to forty-five years of age, were 
to be enrolled. A Council of Safety of sixteen 
was appointed to carry on the government, and 
paper money to the amount of two hundred and 
sixty-six thousand dollars was issued. The de- 
claration of the freemen of Maryland, which is 
subjoined, was made nearly one year before the 
Declaration of Independence by the Congress at 
Philadelphia, July 4, 1776. An original copy, 
with signatures, is kept in the Executive chamber 
at Annapolis. 

Association of the Freemen of Maryland. 

The long-premeditated, and now avowed, design of the 
British government to raise a revenue from the property of 
the colonists without their consent, on the gift, grant, and 
disposition of the Commons of Great Britain ; the arbitrary 
and vindictive statutes passed, under color of punishing a 
riot, to subdue by military force, and by famine, the Massa- 
chusetts Bay ; the unlimited power assumed by Parliament 
to alter the charter of that province, and the constitution of 
all the colonies, thereby destroying the essential securities 
of the lives, liberties, and properties of the colonists ; the 
commencement of hostilities by the ministerial forces, and 
the cruel prosecution of the war against the people of the 
Massachusetts Bay, followed by General Gage's proclama- 
tion, declaring almost the whole of the inhabitants of the 
United Colonies, by name or description, rebels and traitors, 
are sufficient causes to arm a free people in defence of their 
liberty, and to justify resistance, no longer dictated by pru- 

Safety ? Of the declaration of the freemen of Maryland ? 



76 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

dence, merely, but by necessity ; and leave no alternative 
but base submission or manly opposition to uncontrollable 
tyranny. The Congress cbose the later, and for the express 
purpose of securing and defending the United Colonies, and 
preserving them in safety against all attempts to carry the 
above-mentioned acts into execution by force of arms, re- 
solved that the said colonies be immediately put into a state 
of defence, and now supports, at the joint expense, an army 
to restrain the further violence and repel the future attacks 
of a disappointed and exasperated enemy. 

We, therefore, inhabitants of the province of Maryland, 
firmly persuaded that it is necessary and justifiable to repel 
force by force, do approve of the opposition by arms to the 
British troops employed to enforce obedience to the late acts 
and statutes of the British Parliament ; for raising a revenue 
in America, and altering and changing the charter and Con- 
stitution of the Massachusetts Bay, and for destroying the 
essential securities for the lives, liberties, and properties of 
the subjects in the United Colonies. And we do unite and 
associate as one band, and firmly and solemnly engage and 
pledge ourselves to each other and to America, that we will 
to the utmost of our power promote and support the present 
opposition, carrying on, as well by arms as by the Continental 
association restraining our commerce. 

And as in these times of public danger, and until a recon- 
ciliation with Great Britain on constitutional principles is 
eflFected (an event we most ardently wish may spon take 
place), the energy of government may be greatly impaired, 
so that even zeal unrestrained may be productive of anarchy 
and confusion ; we do, in like manner, unite, associate, and 
solemnly engage in maintenance of good order and the pub- 
lic peace, to support the civil power in the due execution of 
the laws, so far as may be consistent with the present plan 
of opposition: and to defend with our utmost power all per- 
sons from every species of outrage to themselves or their 
property, and to prevent any punishment from being in- 



REVOLUTIONARY MEASURES. 77 

flicted on any offenders other than such as shall be adjudged 
by the civil magistrate, the Continental Congress, our con- 
vention. Council of Safety, or committees of observation. 

8. At the sixth convention, held on the second 
Tuesday in September, committees of observation 
and correspondence were appointed. The provin- 
cial government being still in existence, this was 
imperium in imperio. Three of the leading clergy- 
men of the Established Church left the pro- 
vince and went to England, and three were ar- 
rested and imprisoned. The number of Church- 
of-England clergymen in the province at this 
time was forty-four ; and of these the larger por- 
tion were on the side of American liberty. 

9. On the 1st of January, 1776, the seventh 

convention assembled. Eleven hundred and 

Vita 
forty-four men were ordered to be raised for 

service, but no soldier was to be placed in any 
civil office. William Smallwood was appointed 
colonel, and instructions were given to the depu- 
ties in Congress. 

10. The eighth convention met on the 8th of 
May, 1776. Governor Eden was by it requested 
to leave the province ; and with this request he 
complied. All oaths taken to the proprietary 

8. Of the sixth convention ? Of leading clergymen of the 

Established Church? 9. Seventh convention? Who was 

appointed colonel ? 10, Eighth convention ? Of Governor 

7* 



78 



MARYLAND HISTORY. 



government were declared null and void. The 
exercise of official authority was suppressed, pray- 
ers for the king were directed to be omitted in 
churches and chapels, and all the powers of 
government were to be exercised under the au- 
thority of the people. 

11. On the 18th of June the ninth convention 
met. Instructions w^ere given to the depu- 
ties in Congress — Johnson, Paca, Chase, and 

Stone — to concur in declaring the United States 

free and independent; 
provided that the sole 
and exclusive right of 
regulating the internal 
government of this 
colony be reserved to 
the people thereof. 
Three thousand four 
hundred of the militia 
were called out to con- 
stitute a flying camp, 
and a new convention 
was ordered to be 

elected, with power to form a new government. 

12. On the 4th of July, at this convention, 

Eden? Of oaths ? Exercise of official authority ? 11. Ninth 
convention ? What instructions were given ? Of the militia ? 
12. What occurred on the 4th of July, 1776? What was the 
population at this time ? 




CHARLES CARROLL. 



BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 79 

Charles Carroll of Carrollton was elected a deputy 
to Congress, to supply a vacancy in the delega- 
tion, and, though not present at the passing of the 
Declaration of Independence, he afterwards signed 
it. There were now eighty thousand taxables in 
the province, — giving a population of three hun- 
dred and twenty thousand, nearly one-seventh 
of which was in Frederick county. 



CHAPTER XV. 



Battle of Long Island — Attack on Baltimore — Repulse of 
the Enemy — Maryland Troops — State Constitution — In- 
surrection — Devotion to the Cause of Independence — La 
Fayette — Population in 1782 — Peace — United States 
Congress at Annapolis — Resignation of Washington — 
The Maryland Line. 

1. At the battle of Long Island, August 27, 

1776, Colonel Small wood^s battalion was present, 

and of seven hundred and fifty men two ^^„ 

"^ 1776. 

hundred and fifty-six are said to have been 

killed. On the 14th of August the convention 

for forming a new State constitution had met. 

Frederick county Avas then divided into three 

1. What of the battle of Long Island ? What of the con- 



80 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

counties, — Montgomery, Frederick, and Wash- 
ington. 

2. Early in March, 1776, a man-of-war sailed up 
the Patapsco River and attacked Baltimore, at that 
time a town of six hundred inhabitants. Most of 
the families, with their effects, were removed into 
the country. The enemy was repulsed, and the 
prizes which he had taken coming up the bay 
were all recaptured. On the 4th of July the 
British fleet sailed up the Potomac, along the 
shores of which they plundered and burned dwell- 
ings, and had several skirmishes. Many tories 
and negroes, it was said, were on board. 

3. Five companies were raised about this time, 
in Baltimore and Frederick counties, for the 

1776 

war. At the same time, a number of East- 
ern Shore companies were sent to the lower part 
of Somerset county to disarm the disaffected. A 
number of the inhabitants of Caroline county at 
one time marched into Dorchester county, where 
they were joined by some of the inhabitants, 
and committed various depredations and outrages. 

4. The convention continued in session till the 
11th of November. During its sittings the 
State Constitution was formed. The Proprietor's 



vention? 2. What of a man-of-war ? What became of most 
of the families ? What of the enemy ? Where did the 
enemy's vessels go on July 4 ? 3. Of more soldiers ? 4, What 



INSURRECTION. 81 

government was swept away, a new and inde- 
pendent government Avas organized, the Estab- 
lished Church was broken up, its clergy were 
deprived of their livings, the vestries were struck 
out of existence, and many of the churches were 
closed. 

5. Thomas Johnson, Esq., of Anne Arundel 
county, was the first Governor appointed 
under the new Constitution, and its legis- 
lature met on the 5th of February, 1777. Upon 
the announced principle that in every State alle- 
giance and protection are reciprocal, and that no 
man is entitled to the latter who refuses the 
former, all who declined to take the oath of 
fidelity to the State were disfranchised, and sub- 
jected to a treble tax. 

6. About this time an insurrection of several 
hundred tories, from Sussex county, Delaware, and 
Somerset and Worcester, took place near Salis- 
bury, and was of so threatening a character that 
Generals Small wood and Gist, with a Virginia 
regiment, were sent from Annapolis to quell it. 
Not long after this, a party of loyalists congregated 
near Pipe Creek, in Frederick ; but the sight of 
a party of militia put them to flight. In neither 

further of the convention ? 5. Who was the first Governor 
under the new Constitution ? What principle was announced ? 
6. Of an insurrection ? Of a party of loyalists at Pipe Creek ? 



82 MAKYLAND HISTOEY. 

instance was any blood shed : some of the tories 
were, however, taken and imprisoned, — though 
they were afterwards pardoned on submission. 

7. Of the forty-five parishes in the State, 
twenty-eight became vacant by the war. Thirty- 
seven of the clergy of the old Church remained ; 
at least twenty-five of these are recorded as 
having taken the oath of fidelity, and some of them 
were known patriots. 

8. In 1778, Maryland furnished more than three 
thousand three hundred regular troops for 
the war. This was a number, in proportion 

to what was asked for by Congress, one-third 
greater than that furnished by any other State, 
except Delaware. 

9. Devotion to the cause of independence was 
manifested by all classes of citizens. When La 
Fayette halted in Baltimore, on his way to join 
the army at the South, a ball was given in honor 
of his arrival. One of the ladies observing that 
he appeared sad, inquired the cause. "I cannot 
enjoy the gayety of the scene,'' the marquis replied, 
"while so many of the poor soldiers are in want 
of clothes." "We will supply them," was the 
prompt response. 



7. Of the forty-five parishes ? Of the clergy ? 8. How many 
men did Maryland furnish in 1778? 9. What of the cause 
of independence ? What of La Fayette ? What response 



LA FAYETTE. 



83 



10. The next morning the ball-room was turned 
into a clothing manufactory. Fathers and hus- 




LA FAYETTE AT THE BALL. 



bands furnished the materials ; daughters and 
wives plied the needle at their grateful task. 
One lady, with her own hands, cut out five 
hundred garments and superintended the making 
of them. Such were the women of the Revo- 
lution. 

11. On the 3d of February, Articles of Con- 
federation between the thirteen States had 
been proposed. In these articles Virginia 
had succeeded in inserting the provision that no 



1780. 



was given ? 10. What was done the next morning ? 



11. What occurred on the 3d of February, 1' 



What had 



84 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

State should be deprived of her territory for the 
benefit of the United States, — she at the same 
time claiming westward to the Mississippi Eiver. 
Against this the Assembly of Maryland entered 
their protest, setting forth that this was an unjust 
appropriation of the public lands won by all, 
and refused to sign the articles till that clause 
was stricken out. Xor were they signed by the 
representatives of Maryland till 1780; and then 
it was done under this protest. 

12. In 1782 the population of Maryland, as 
enumerated by assessors appointed, was found 
to be one hundred and seventy thousand six 

hundred and eighty-eight white, and eighty-three 
thousand three hundred and sixty-two colored, — 
making a total of two hundred and fifty-four 
thousand and fifty. The population of the State 
of New York at the same time was two hundred 
and thirty-eight thousand eight hundred and 
ninety-seven, — more than fifteen thousand less 
than that of Maryland. 

13. Peace at length was declared, and with it 
came the acknowledgment of our independ- 
ence, in September of 1783. In the war 

which had resulted thus gloriously to us, Maryland 



Virginia done ? What did Maryland do ? 12. What was the 
population of Maryland in 1782 ? Of New York at the same 
time ? 13. When was peace attained ? What of Maryland's 



85 

had nobly done her part. Though no battle had 
been fought within her borders, her soldiers — num- 
bering one-twelfth of the forces of the thirteen 
States — had gone North and South, and of the 
twenty-three thousand whom she sent out, few re- 
turned. By emigration to England or elsewhere, 
in slaves carried ofP, and in the casualties of war, 
Maryland had lost sixty-six thousand of her 
population in seven years. 

14. During the last three years of the war, her 
land had depreciated in value one-third. Thirty 
thousand acres were confiscated, exclusive of what 
belonged to the Proprietor. The war expenses 
of the State were seven million six hundred thou- 
sand dollars, — two-thirds of the value of all her 
real estate. Of specie there remained in circula- 
tion only one hundred thousand pounds, currency, 
— two hundred and sixty-six thousand dollars; 
and her population was reduced to two hundred 
and fifty-four thousand. 

15. In December, 1783, the United States 

Confess assembled in Annapolis. General 

1783. 
Washington arrived on the 7th. He was 

met by Major-Generals Gates and Small wood, 

and escorted to Mann's Hotel. After having re- 



part in the war ? 14. What had been the effect on Maryland 
of the last three years of the war ? What were the war ex- 
penses of the State? What of specie? 15. Of the United 
8 



86 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

ceived many calls, he visited the President, with 
whom, and the members of Congress and civil 




GENERA^ V/ASHINGTON. 



and military officers, he dined the next day. On 
the 10th he gave them a public dinner; and at 
night a grand ball was given by the General 
Assembly at the State-house, which was bril- 
liantly illuminated. There Washington received 
an address from the city authorities, to which 
he replied in fitting terms. 

States Congress at Annapolis ? Of General Washington ? Of 



WASHINGTON S RESIGNATION. 



87 



16. On the 23d he had a public audience in 
Congress. On his being seated, the President in- 
formed him that they had assembled to receive his 
communications. Thereupon Washington arose, 
and said that the events on which his resignation 
depended had taken place. He alluded to the 
reasons of his acceptance of the command con- 
ferred upon him, — spoke of the successful termina- 
tion of the war, as having realized his most san- 




WASHINGTON RESIGNING HIS COMMISSION. 

guine expectations, — of his gratitude to Divine 
Providence and to his countrymen, increasing upon 



a grand ball? 16. Of Washington's public audience? What 



88 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 

every review, — and of his good fortune in the 
choice of his confidential officers, — commended all 
then in the service to the care of Congress, — and 
closed his official career by commending his 
country to Almighty God. Then, bidding an 
affectionate farewell to the august body under 
which he had served, he advanced, delivered to 
the President his commission, and resumed his 
seat. After an address from the President in reply 
to the Commander-in-chief, the scene closed. 

17. This was all done, as to the United States, 
in the persons of their representatives, before a 
thronged assembly of ladies and gentlemen, — but 
done in Annapolis. Few tragedies, it was then 
well said, ever drew more tears from so many 
beautiful eyes, than did this taking leave of Con- 
gress by General Washington. 

18. Throughout the war the Maryland troops 
were remarkably efficient, and, under the title of 
the Maryland line, held a high position in the 
Continental Army. They were in the battles of 
Long Island, Harlem Heights, White Plains, 
Trenton, and Princeton. With the exception of 
the campaign against Burgoyne, there were no 
prominent battles in which they did not take an 



communication did he make? 17. What of the audience? 
18, What of the Maryland troops throughout the war ? In 



LETTER FROM WASHINGTON. 89 

honorable part, down to the surrender of Corn- 
wallis at Yorktown. 

19. The following letter will serve to show how 
highly the general-in-chief appreciated the pa- 
triotic and liberal efforts of Maryland. The 
original is carefully preserved in the Executive 
chamber, in the State-house at Annapolis. 

To Thomas Sim Lee, Governor of Maryland. 

Camp near York, October, 1781. 
Dear Sir : — 

Enclosed I have the honor of transmitting to your Excel- 
lency the terms upon which Lord Cornwallis has surren- 
dered the garrisons of York and Gloucester. 

We have not been able yet to get an account of prisoners, 
ordnance, or stores in the different departments. But, from 
the best general report, there will be (officers included) up- 
wards of seven thousand men, besides seamen, more than 
seventy pieces of brass ordnance, and a hundi-ed of iron, 
with their stores, as also other valuable articles. 

My present engagements will not allow me to add more 
than my congratulations on this happy event, and to ex- 
press the high sense I have of the powerful aid which I 
have derived from the State of Maryland, in complying with 
my every request to the Executive of it. The prisoners will 
be divided between Winchester in Virginia, and Fort Frede- 
rick in Maryland. 

With every sentiment of the most perfect esteem and re- 
gard, I have the honor to be 

Your Excellency's most obd't and humble serv't, 

G. Washington. 



what battles were they? 19. What of a letter from the 
general-in-chief on the subject? 
8* 



90 MARYLAND HISTORY. 



CHAPTER Xyi. 

Tender of Annapolis as the Seat of Government of the 
United States — Internal Improvements — General William 
Smallwood — Adoption of the Constitution of the United 
States — Colonel John Eager Howard — Party Politics — 
Governors from 1798 to 1812— War declared against 
Great Britain — Destruction of Frenchtoicn and other 
Places — Defeat of the American Forces at Washington — 
Attack on Baltimore — Defeat and Retreat of the British 
Forces — Francis S. Key — Peace. 

1. At the end of two years, November, 1779, 
Thomas Sim Lee, of Charles county, was 
appointed Governor. In 1782 Lee w^as suc- 
ceeded by William Paca, Esq., of Harford county. 

Durino; Governor Paca's administration 
1782. 

peace was declared ; and then other subjects 

than those of war came up for consideration and 

action. 

2. At the April session of the General Assem- 
"bly in 1783, acting upon a memorial from 
the corporation of Annapolis, the two houses 

tendered to Congress, for the purposes of the 
national government, the use and possession of the 
State-house, the public square, the Governor's house 



1. Who was appointed Governor in 1779 ? Who succeeded 
him ? What of them ? 2. What of the tender of Annapolis 



INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 91 

as a residence for the President, thirteen dwelling- 
houses to be built at the expense of the State, 
and jurisdiction over the city and people of 
Annapolis. Congress consequently adjourned to 
Annapolis, but in October determined on the se- 
lection of a site on the Potomac, near George- 
town. 

3. At the session in the following November 
the Assembly took up the subject of internal 
improvement, and an act was passed incorpo- 
rating a company named " The Proprietors of the 
Susquehanna Canal,'' the object of which was to 
make the river Susquehanna navigable from the 
Pennsylvania line to tide- water from the Chesa- 
peake Bay. The Susquehanna Canal is still 
in use. 

4. In the November session of 1784 the sub- 
ject was again taken up, and an act was 
passed "establishing a company for open- 
ing and extending the navigation of the river 
Potomac" from tide-water to the highest place 
practicable on the north branch, by dams, slack- 
water canals, &c. This would open a way of 
travel and transportation between the Atlantic 
and the growing West, leaving only forty miles 



as the seat of government? What did Congress do? 3. 
What of internal improvements? 4. What other project of 
internal improvement was afterwards proposed ? What way 



92 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

of land-travel before reaching the Ohio. General 
Washington took great interest in this company, 
and was its first president. At a later date it was 
merged in the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company. 

5. At the end of 1785 General William Small- 
wood became Governor. He was a native 

1785 

of Charles county, and of an old and promi- 
nent family. He was the first and highest officer 
appointed by Maryland at the breaking out of 
the war. He was in at the close of the first 
battle, — that of Long Island, — as well as in many 
others, and rose to the rank of major-general. 
On the expiration of Governor Paca's term of 
office, General Smalhvood was put in his place. 
This was the highest honor his State could confer 
upon him. 

6. General Smallwood was a neighbor of Gene- 
ral Washington, and his personal friend. Having 
served out his term of office as Governor, on his 
way home from Annapolis he had reached a point 
six miles south of the county-seat of Prince George 
county, — the hospitable and splendid residence of 
the Wests, — when he was taken ill and died. He 
was a faithful, modest, and brave man. 

7. During General Smallwood's administration 



would this open ? 5. What is said of General Smallwood ? 
Whom did he succeed as Governor ? 6. What is said of 
Washington and Smallwood ? What were the circumstances 



COLONEL JOHN EAGEPw HOWARD. 93 

the Constitution of the United States was adopted, 
in September, 1787, and was accepted by 
the Convention of Maryland on the 28th of 
April, 1788, by a vote of sixty-three to eleven, 
after a session of nearly two weeks. 

8. In 1788, Colonel John Eager Howard be- 
came Governor of the State. He was a 

1788. 
native of Baltimore county. In the flying 

camp of 1776 he was a captain in the Second 

Battalion of Baltimore and Harford counties. 

In 1777 he was a major in the Fourth Battalion 

of Regulars. In the subsequent arrangement he 

was lieutenant-colonel in the Second Regiment, 

from March, 1779. In the battles of Cowpens 

and Eutaw he signally distinguished himself. 

9. Howard was a man whom the people de- 
lighted to honor. In 1786 he was one of 

1788. 
the electors of the State Senate. In 1787 

he was a member of Congress; in 1788, Gov- 
ernor of the State, to which office he was twice 
re-elected; in 1791, an elector of the Maryland 
Senate again ; in 1792, a judge of one of the district 
courts; in 1796, again a member of the State 
Senate; in 1797, a member of the United States 
Senate, to which he was reappointed for a second 



of Smallwood's death ? 7. What of his administration ? 8. 
Who was Governor in 1788? What of Howard's military 
career ? 9. What did the people think of him ? What offices 



94 MARYLAND HISTORY, 

term. When General Washington accepted the 
command of the armies of the United States in 
case of a war with the French, he designated 
Colonel Howard as one of his brigadier-generals. 

10. Howard was succeeded as Grovernor, in 
1791, by George Plater, Esq., of St. Mary's 
county. Plater died in the same year, and 

his place was filled by Thomas Sim Lee, who had 
been Governor from 1779 to 1782. Governor Lee 
was succeeded — 1794 — by John H. Stone, Esq., 
of Charles county ; and Stone was succeeded, in 
1797, by John Henry, Esq., of Somerset county. 

11. At this time party politics ran high. The 

French Minister had defied the President 
1794. 

and appealed to the people. The Democrats 

sided with France, and the Federalists stood forth 

in defence of our national rights. Existing treaties 

were declared void, the United States armies were 

increased, and General Washington was placed at 

their head. The storm, however, passed over. 

12. In 1798, Benjamin Ogle, Esq., of Prince 
George county, was appointed Governor. 
He was succeeded, in 1801, by John Fran- 
cis Mercer, Esq., of Anne Arundel county ; and 



had he filled ? What compliment had Washington in store 
for him? 10. Who were the successors of Governor Howard 
down to 1797? 11. What of party politics in 1794? Who 
was again placed at the head of all the armies of the United 



WAE OF 1812. 95 

Mercer, in 1803, bj Kobert Bowie, Esq., of Prince 
George county. In 1806, Robert Wright, Esq., 
of Cecil, became Governor; and in 1809, Ed- 
ward Lloyd, Esq., of Talbot county. In 1811, 
Robert Bowie, Esq., Avas again made Governor; 
and in 1812, Levin Winder, Esq., of Somerset 
county. 

13. During Governor Winder's administration, 

June 11, 1812, war was declared aoi;ainst 

1812 
Great Britain by the United States. This 

%vas a success of the Democratic party over the 

Federalists, the Federalists denouncing the war. 

On the 22d of June the '^ Federal Republican'' 

office in Baltimore was torn down by a mob. 

General Lingan was killed, and others were badly 

wounded and beaten. 

14. In March, 1814, a British admiral sailed 
up the Chesapeake with twelve vessels, and 
plundered and burned Frenchtown, Havre 

de Grace, Fredericktown, and Georgetown, at the 
head of the bay. Women and children did not 
escape savage and disgraceful outrages. Going 
down the bay, the enemy lit up its shores and 



States? 12. Who were Governors from 1798 to 1812? 13. 
What occurred during Governor Winder's administration ? 
What of the office of the "Federal Republican" ? 14. What 
fleet sailed up the Chesapeake? What towns did they plun- 
der and burn ? What of the women and children ? What 



96 



MAEYLAND HISTORY. 



waters by night with the light of their incen- 
diary fires. 

15. On the 24th of August, 1814, the British 

fleet sailed up the Patuxent River to Bene- 
1814. 

diet, and there landed four thousand sol- 
diers, who thence marched to Bladensburg. There 








BOMBARDMENT OF FORT MCHENRY. 



the American forces, hastily gathered, were in- 
gloriously defeated, and the enemy proceeded to 
Washington City, where, meeting no opposition, 
they burned the Capitol, the President's House, 
the public offices, the navy-yard, and the records ; 



did the fleet do going down the bay?" 15. What next of the 
British fleet ? Where did they land ? What havoc did they 



BOMBARDMENT OF FORT MCHENRY. 97 

after which they returned to the Patuxent, with 
a loss of upwards of one thousand killed and 
wounded. 

16. Turning his eyes on Baltimore, on the 
11th of September the British commander entered 
the Patapsco, with a fleet of fifty sail and five 
thousand men. This force was landed at North 
Point, fourteen miles from the city; and soon 
after a battle ensued, in which the British com- 
mander fell. Failing to take the city by land, 
on the 13th the fleet bombarded Fort McHenry. 
The bombardment continued during that day and, 
the following night, but was unsuccessful. Baf- 
fled by laud and by water, the fleet dropped down 
the river and bay, destroying along the shores, as 
before, the property of the defenceless, and were 
seen no more. 

17. Just previous to the bombardment of Fort 
McHenry, Francis S. Key, Esq., under a flag of 
truce, had gone on board the enemy's flag-ship, to 
obtain the release of a friend who had been ar- 
rested at Upper Marlboro, and was now confined 
on board the ship. Mr. Key was detained by the 
commander till after the bombardment. During 
the night, and before being released, he comj)osed 

commit? 16. Where did the fleet then go? Where did they 

land ? What was the fate of the British commander ? What , 

was then attempted? Failing in both attacks, what became- 

9 



98 



MARYLAND HISTORY 



that noble national song, which has made his 
name immortal, "The Star-Spangled Banner:" — 

"Oh, long may it wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave !" 

On the 24th of December, 1815, a treaty of 
peace was made, and the war came to an end. 



of the fleet? 17. What of Francis S. Key? Of his famous 



song ? When was peace made 




INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 99 



CHAPTER Xyil. 

Internal Improvements — Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Com- 
pany — African Colonization — Amending the Constitution 
— Northeast Boundary Conier-Stone — Revising the State 
Constitution — The Great Rehellion — Invasion by the 
Southern Armies — Battles — Constitutional Convention — 
State Board of Education — Declaration of Rights — In- 
vasion — Ransom of Frederick — Governor Swann. 

1. In December, 1815, Charles Ridgely, Esq., 
of Hampton, Baltimore county, became Gov- 
ernor of the State. In 1818, Charles 
Goldsborough, Esq., of Dorchester county, be- 
came the incumbent of this office. In the follow- 
ing year — 1819 — Goldsborough was succeeded by 
Samuel Sprigg, Esq., of Prince George county. 
Then followed, in 1822, Samuel Stevens, Esq., of 
Talbot county. 

2. During Governor Stevens's administration 
internal improvements became an absorbing 
theme in Maryland. The rich mines of 
iron-ore, the inexhaustible beds of coal, and the 
immense quantities of timber in the western part 
of the State, made it highly important that the 

1. Who was Governor in 1815? In 1818? In 1819? In 
1822 ? 2. What occurred during Governor Stevens's admi- 



100 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 

early designs of the Potomac Company should 
be fully carried out. With this view, a conven- 
tion of delegates from Virginia, Pennsylvania, 
and Maryland was held in Washington City, 
November 6, 1823. Soon after, the Chesapeake 
& Ohio Canal Company was incorporated. 

3. In 1825, Joseph Kent, Esq., of Prince 
George county, was appointed Governor. 
At the session of Assembly of 1831, the 

legislature, '^highly approving of African coloni- 
zation," directed its treasurer to pay one thousand 
dollars to the American Colonization Society for the 
colonization of free colored people, and the same 
sum for each year thereafter. In 1831 the sum 
was increased for that year to twenty thousand 
dollars. In 1836 the legislature granted the So- 
ciety an act of incorporation. 

4. Governor Kent was succeeded, in 1828, by 
Daniel Martin, Esq., of Dorchester county. 
In 1829 Martin was succeeded by Thomas 

King Carroll, Esq., of Dorchester county ; and 
in 1830 Daniel Martin was again made Governor. 
Martin was succeeded in 1831 by George Howard, 
Esq., of Baltimore. In 1832 Howard was suc- 
ceeded by James Thomas, Esq., of St. Mary's. 



nistration? What of a convention ? 3. Of Governor Kent? 
Of the legislature? What did the legislature direct? 4. 
Who was Governor in 1828 ? In 1829 ? In 1830 ? In 1831 ? 



CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS. 101 

5. In 1835, Thomas W. Yeazy, Esq., of Cecil 
county, became Governor. At the Novem- 
ber session of the Assembly an act was passed 
amending the Constitution and form of govern- 
ment of the State. It gave the election of the 
Governor to the people, instead of to two electors 
from each county as theretofore; abolished the 
Council to the Governor ; g-ave one senator to 
each county and one to the city of Baltimore, and 
changed the apportionment of delegates, giving five 
to Baltimore and to each of two of the counties, 
four to each of eight of the counties, three to each 
of the remaining counties, and one to Annapolis. 
This change was attended by a bitter opposi- 
tion. 

6. Governor Veazy was succeeded, in 1838, by 
Thomas Grason, Esq., of Harford county. 

In 1841, Grason was succeeded by Francis 
Thomas, Esq., of Frederick county. In 1844, 
Thomas G. Pratt, Esq., of Prince George county, 
was made Governor, and in 1847, Philip F. 
Thomas, Esq., of Talbot county. In 1850, 
Thomas was succeeded by E. Louis Lowe, Esq.,, 
of Frederick county. 



In 1832? 5. In 1835 ? What of the session of the Assembly 
of November, 1835? How did it change the mode of elec- 
tion of Governor? What else did it do ? What of the oppo- 
sition to these measures ? 6. Who succeeded Governor Veazy ? 
Who was Governor in 1841 ? In 1844 ? In 1847 ? In 1850 ?. 
9* 



102 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

7. The stone at the northeast corner of Mary- 

^^^ land having^ been removed, a revision of the 
1849, ^ 

survey made by Mason and Dixon was de- 
termined upon. Commissioners were appointed 
by the States of Delaware, Maryland, and Penn- 
sylvania, who, with the aid of Colonel James D. 
Graham, verified in all important points the work 
of their predecessors. A slight change was made, 
which increased by one acre and eighty-seven- 
hundredths the area of Maryland. 

8. In 1851 a State Convention assembled for 
the purpose of revising the Constitution. 
The principal changes were — conforming the 

representations of the counties more to the popu- 
lation, — giving Baltimore City ten ; to Annapolis 
none ; to two of the counties, six ; to one, five ; 
to two, four ; to six, three ; and to the remaining 
ones, two each ; — making the judiciary elective by 
the people, and making the sessions of the legis- 
lature biennial. 

9. Governor Lowe was succeeded, in 1854, by 
T. Watkins Ligon, Esq., of Howard county. He 
was succeeded, in 1857, by Thomas Holliday 
Hicks, Esq., of Dorchester county. During Gov- 
ernor Hicks's term of office the great rebellion 



7. What of the northeast boundary corner-stone ? What of 
the commissioners ? What change was made ? 8. Of the State 
convention of 1851 ? The principal revisions ? 9. Who sue- 



EIOT IN BALTIMORE. 103 

broke out. On the 13th of April, 1861, Fort 
Sumter, at Charlestou, S.C., was attacked, 
and surrendered to the Southern army ; and 
on, the 19th following, a terrible riot took place 
in Baltimore City, in which a number of Massa- 
chusetts troops, passing through to Washington 
City, were murdered in the streets. 

10. In December, 1861, Governor Hicks was 
succeeded by Augustus W. Bradford, Esq., 

of Baltimore county. Maryland did not, 
as did the States south of her, secede from the 
Union. Her territory was thrice invaded by 
the Southern armies. On the 3d of September, 
1862, with nearly one hundred thousand men, 
they crossed the Potomac, below Harper's Ferry, 
into Maryland. On the 14th was fought the bat- 
tle of South Mountain, northwest of Frede- 

1862 
rick City, and on the 17th, another, at An- 

tietam, west of the city. Soon after this, the South- 
ern army retreated across the river into Virginia. 

11. In June of 1863 General Lee again invaded 
Maryland, with greater numbers than before, 
crossing the Potomac in Washington county, 



ceeded Governor Lowe ? AVho Avas Governor at the com- 
mencement of the great rebellion ? What occurred on the 
14th of April, 1861? On the 19th? 10. Who succeeded 
Governor Hicks ? What of Maryland ? Of the invasion by 
the Southern armies ? Where did the enemy enter on the 3d 
of September, 1862 ? What occurred on the 14th and 17th 



104 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

at Willianisport, and marched through into 
Pennsylvania. On the 3d of July the terrible 
battle of Gettysburg took place, and a great vic- 
tory was gained by the Union troops. Soon after 
this, the enemy retreated again into Virginia. 

12. In April, 1864, a convention was held for 
a further revision of the State Constitu- 
tion. By this convention a registration of 

voters was provided for ; the principle of repre- 
sentation according to population was adopted; 
to Baltimore City were given three senators and 
eighteen representatives, to each county one sen- 
ator, to two counties six representatives, to two 
five, to two four, to two three, to two eight, and 
to four one ; the power of appointing magistrates 
was restored to the Governor ; and a State Board 
of Education was created, consisting of the Gov- 
ernor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the Speaker of 
the House of Delegates, and the State Super- 
intendent of Education. 

13. Besides these changes, it was declared — 
Article 24th, Declaration of Rights — "that here- 
after, in this State, there shall be neither slavery 
nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment 



of September, 1862? 11. In June, 1863? On the 3d of 
July ? 12. What of the convention in April, 1864 ? Of the 
registration of voters? Of representation? State Board 
of Education ? 13. What other changes ? 14. Of the in- 



INVASION. 105 

of crime whereof the party shall have been duly- 
convicted ; and all persons held to service or labor 
as slaves are hereby declared free/' 

14. In June, the enemy crossed the Potomac 
again into Maryland, — in Montgomery county, 
opposite to Poolesville. South of Frederick a 
battle took place, when the Union army re- 
treated. A portion of the enemy made a raid 
across the country almost to the Chesapeake, and 
in their way burned the Governor's residence. 
Returning, they joined those whom they had left, 
and marched for Washington. There they at- 
tacked the garrison, but were defeated, and im- 
mediately recrossed the Potomac. 

15. During July, 1864, several thousand South- 
ern troops entered Washington and Frederick 
counties. To save the city of Frederick from 
burning, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars 
was paid to General Early ; and nearly one hundred 
thousand dollars was paid to McCausland, in 
money and goods, by the citizens of Hagerstown. 

16. In December, 1865, Governor Brad- 
ford was succeeded by Thomas Swann, Esq., 
of Baltimore City. 



vasion in June, 1864? What of a raid? What did the 
enemy then do? 15. What occurred in July? What of 
Frederick and Hagerstown? Who succeeded Governor 
Bradford ? 



106 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

RELIGION. 

Church of England — Roman Catholics — Lutherans — Pwri- 
tans — Quakers — Preshyterians. 

1. The religion of the first settlers of Mary- 
land — that is, of the Kent Island colony, A.D. 
1629 — was that of the Church of England. In 
1634, with Lord Baltimore's colony, the Roman 
Catholics with their priests came into the St. 
Mary's settlement. Soon after, the Lutherans, 
from the Delaware, w^ere established in what 
afterwards became Cecil county. 

2. About 1650 the Puritans settled on the 
Severn, in Anne Arundel county, and Church-of- 
England men established themselves south there- 
from on the bay, and up the Patapsco. Shortly 
after 1660, the Quakers found a home in Anne 
Arundel county. About 1665, Presbyterians from 
Scotland, together with Church-of-England men, 
settled in Somerset. 



1. What was the religion of the first settlers of Maryland ? 
Who came in with Loi'd Baltimore's colony ? What of the 
Lutherans? 2. Of the Puritans? Of the Quakers? Of 
the Presbyterians ? 3. What further of the Lutherans ? 



EELIGIOX. 107 

3. At a later date, Lutherans settled the north- 
western part of the State. All these denomina- 
tions were found in Maryland at the time of the 
Protestant Revolution in 1689; but in all places 
Church-of-England men constituted the majority. 

4. Lord Baltimore's administration came to an 
end in the province, and the Protestants acceded 
to power, in 1689, by an act of the General 
Assembly. In 1692 the Protestant religion of 
the Church of England was declared to be the 
established religion of the colony. 

5. In 1696 it was ascertained, from the returns 
of the sheriffs of the counties, made by direction of 
the Governor, that one-twelfth of the population 
of the province were Poman Catholics, and about 
the same proportion Quakers. The proportion 
of the Presbyterians, Independents, and Luther- 
ans, together, could not have been greater. 

6. Those returns also show that in the Esta- 
blished Protestant Church there were thirty pa- 
rishes, twenty-five places of public worship, and 
eighteen ministers. The Quakers had eleven 
places of meeting, and two preachers reported, and 
probably eight. The Roman Catholics had eight 



What of all these denominations ? 4. What religion was 
established in 1692 ? 5. What returns of religion were made 
in 1696? 6. What of the Established Protestant Church? 
Of Quakers ? Of Romaii Catholics ? Of Presbyterians ? Of 



108 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

chapels and five priests. The Presbyterians had 
three places of worship and two ministers. The 
Puritans, or Independents, had probably two or 
more places of worship, and three ministers. From 
the Lutherans there are no returns ; but we hear 
of one church and of one minister. 

7. In 1758 the parishes of the Established 
Church numbered forty-three, with from seventy 
to seventy-five places of worship, and forty-three 
ministers. The proportion of Quakers had not 
increased since 1696. The Eoman Catholics were 
reported to be one-twelfth of the population, and 
their taxable property one-thirteenth. From the 
Presbyterians there are no returns, but their num- 
bers had increased. The Lutherans had also in- 
creased in the northwestern part of the State. 

8. Between 1760 and 1770 the Baptists and 
the Methodists had made a beginning in the 
province. The former are now, comparatively, 
not numerous, but the Methodists, including their 
several divisions, are the largest denomination in 
the State. 

Puritans ? Of Lutherans ? 7. What of the various churches 
in 1758? 8. What of the Baptists? Of the Methodists? 



EDUCATION. 109 



CHAPTEE XIX. 

EDUCATION IX MAEYLAND. - 

First Act of the AssemUy toucliing Schools — Act for the 
Support of Free Schools — King William's Free School — 
Libraries — Public Academies — Charity School — Colleges 
— Washington College — St. John's College — University 
of Maryland — Agricidtural College — State Board of 
Education — State Normal School. 

1. The first act of the General Assembly touch- 
ing schools was that of 1694. It was an act for 
the maintenance of free schools, for which purpose 
a tax was laid on furs, beef, and bacon, exported 
from the province. 

2. In 1695 this was re-enacted, and the duties 
laid for the support of free schools were made 
more specific: — thus, for every bear-skin, nine- 
pence sterling was levied; for every beaver-skin, 
four-pence ; for otter-skins, three-pence each ; for 
wild cats', foxes', minks', fishers', and wolves' skins, 
one and a half-pence each ; for deer-skins, four- 
pence per skin ; for muskrat-skins, four-pence per 
dozen ; for raccoons, three farthings per skin ; for 
elk-skins, twelve-pence each ; for young bear skins, 

1. What of the first act about education ? 2. What re-en- 
10 



110 MARYLAND HISTORY. 

two-pence each. Non-residents were required to 
pay double these assessments. 

3. The fur- trade of Maryland was at this 
time large and profitable; and from the above 
list we may infer the variety of wild animals then 
found in our waters and forests. From these 
sources, funds for the support of free schools were 
derived for nearly thirty years. 

4. In 1696, King William's Free School was 
founded in Annapolis. More than fifty thousand 
pounds of tobacco were contributed by the Bur- 
gesses of the Assembly to assist in defraying the 
expenses of the building. Governor Nicholson 
gave twenty-five pounds sterling a year, while in 
office, towards the maintenance of the master. 
The Secretary of State and Council contributed 
eighteen thousand four hundred pounds of tobacco 
towards the cost of the building, and one gave 
two thousand pounds towards the support of the 
master; another gave ten pounds sterling. The 
school was afterwards endowed with donations 
of lands. It continued in operation till after 
the Revolution, 1776, when it was merged in St. 
John's College. 

5. In 1698 and 1700, the Rev. Dr. Bray, the 



actment in 1695 ? How were non-residents taxed ? 3. What 
of the fur-trade ? 4. Of King William's Free School ? What 
contributions ? What further of this school ? 5. What of 



KING William's free school. Ill 

Bishop of London's Commissary for Maryland, 
sent over libraries to almost all the parishes, for 
the use of the incumbents; and these were the first 
libraries formed in the province. Before this the 
Bishop of London had sent over Bibles and Prayer- 
books for distribution ; and after the Society for the 
Propagation of Christian Knowledge was founded, 
about 1 700, it was continually sending over Bibles, 
Prayer-books, small books, and tracts, to be given 
away. 

6. In 1723 an act was passed establishing a 
free school in every county. Accordingly, these 
schools were erected, endowed, and successfully 
carried on till the Revolution. Soon after we 
had achieved our independence, the free schools 
of Kent and of the two adjoining counties were 
merged in Washington College, at Chestertown. 
Those of the four lower counties on the Western 
Shore were merged in Charlotte Hall, in St. Mary's. 
In the other counties, some were incorporated as 
academies, and others were sold for the county 
poor. Among the sources of revenue for the sup- 
port of free schools, about the time of their esta- 
blishment, was levied a tax of twenty shillings, in 
addition to what had been paid before, for every 

libraries? Of the Bishop of Lontion? 6. What act was 
passed in 1723 ? Of Washington College ? Of St. Mary's ? 
What was done in the other counties ? Of revenue ? What of 



1V2 MAEYLAND HISTOEY. 

Irish papist servant, and for every negro imported 
into the province. 

During this period, many of the parish clergy 
had classical schools, and there were public acade- 
mies at Lower Marlboro, Calvert county, the Eden 
School in Somerset, and the academy at West 
Nottingham, Cecil county. 

7. In 1750 a charity school was established in 
Talbot county, by Rev. Thomas Bacon, for 
maintaining and teaching poor children and 

instructing them in the knowledge and practice of 
the Christian religion. Liberal subscriptions were 
obtained, both in the province and in England, 
in support of this enterprise. Lord Baltimore 
contributed to the building one hundred guineas, 
and twenty-five pounds annually. This was the 
first manual-labor school in Maryland. Here 
children were taught until the Ee volution. In 
1787 the lands and buildings were conveyed to 
the trustees of the poor ; and they are now used 
for the county almshouse. 

8. Since the Revolution, there has been a great 
deal of legislation for the cause of education. 
Twenty-six colleges, ninety-two academies, and 
twenty female academies have been incorporated. 

many parish clergymen ? 7. What of a charity school esta- 
blished in 1750 ? What of subscriptions to it ? What fur- 
ther is said of it ? 8. What has been done since the Revo- 



COLLEGES. 113 

Four general school laws, and nearly four hun- 
dred acts concerning common schools, have been 



9. Washington College, in Kent county, one of 
the colleges already mentioned as having been en- 
dowed by the State, was incorporated in April, 1782. 
It was so named after General Washington. He 
was a liberal contributor to its funds, and one of its 
first trustees. Before its incorporation it had been 
the Kent County School, under the charge of Rev. 
Dr. William Smith, wath one hundred and forty 
students. Ten thousand pounds having been 
raised for it by private contributions, the General 
Assembly endowed it with twelve hundred and 
fifty pounds annually and forever, and the pro- 
ceeds of sundry things specified. It flourished 
till 1805, when the State annual donation was dis- 
continued. Thereafter it had a lingering exist- 
ence. Since 1856 it has had an annual State ap- 
propriation of three thousand dollars. 

10. In 1784, St. John's College, at Annapolis 
was instituted, and had given it the unfinished 
house built by Governor Bladen about 1746, four 
acres of land, seventeen hundred and fifty pounds 
annually from the State, and other proceeds, it 
being bound to educate, every year, five poor boys 

lution? 9. What of Washington College? What of contri- 
butions ? What is its subsequent history ? 10. What of St. 
10* 



114 



MARYLAND HISTORY. 



free of expense. The funds of King William's 
School were also given to it. Many of the leading 
citizens of the State were educated here. But in 
1805 the State withdrew its support, and thence- 
forth the college languished. In 1811 an act was. 
passed appropriating one thousand dollars annually 




ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 



to the college. St. John's and Washington Colleges 
were united, under the name of the University 
of Maryland, in 1784; but in 1805 the act was 
annulled. The present annual State appropriation 
is three thousand dollars for the college, and one 
thousand for the law school. 



John's College ? What occurred in 1805 ? In 1811 ? What 



COLLEGES. 115 

11. In 1812 the University of Maryland, in 
Baltimore, was created with State patronage. 
This was to consist of literary and classical, medi- 
cal, law, and theological faculties or colleges ; of 
these the medical has attained high celebrity, under 
the direction of a succession of distinguished pro- 
fessors, of whom none perhaps have been more 
prominent than Professor N. E. Smith. 

12. In 1856 the Legislature incorporated the 
Agricultural College near Bladensburg, in Prince 
George county, with an endowment of six thou- 
sand dollars per annum, fifty thousand dollars 
having been raised by private contributions. In 
1865 it received from the United States two hun- 
dred and ten thousand acres of land, of which 
only the income on the amount of sales can be ex- 
pended. In 1866 the State appropriated forty- 
five thousand dollars for its benefit. It is man- 
aged by the State Board of Education and seven 
trustees appointed by the charter. Its buildings 
are of a high order of architecture. 

13. In 1865 eight thousand dollars were ap- 
propriated by the legislature, as an endowment 
for a State Normal School, to be under the direc- 
tion of the State Board of Education. This has 



further of it? 11. Of the University of Maryland? 12. 
Of the Agricultural College ? Of the State Board of Educa- 



116 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 

been put into operationj with promising pros- 
pects, in Baltimore for the present. 

14. In 1865 a uniform system of public in- 
struction was enacted by the General Assembly, 
in accordance with the provisions of the Constitu- 
tion. This embraces primary, grammar, and 
high schools for all the counties, and three col- 
leges for the State. The high schools receive, 
each, twelve hundred dollars annual State dona- 
tion. The primary and grammar schools are free. 

15. These schools are supervised by Commis- 
sioners, appointed for the city of Baltimore by the 
Mayor, and for the counties by the State Board 
of Education. There is a Superintendent of 
Schools for each county, and a General Superin- 
tendent for the State. 

16. Many of the teachers in colonial days 
were men of low attainments in learning, and of 
lower grade in morals, being convicts and redemp- 
tioners. The following advertisements, from the 
''Maryland Gazette,'^ show somewhat the cha- 
racter and position of private schoolmasters at 
that period. 

In the "Gazette" of February 28, 1771, is 
advertised a runaway servant-man, from Por- 



tion? 13. Of the Normal School? 14. What system was 
organized in 1865 ? What did it embrace ? 15. How are 
they supervised ? 16. What of teachers in colonial days ? 



SINGULAR ADVERTISEMENTS. 117 

Chester county, who had followed the occupation 
of a schoolmaster, much given to drinking and 
gambling. 

'<0n February 17, 1774, 

"TO BE SOLD, 

"A schoolmaster, an indented servant, who has got two 

years to serve. 

"John Hammond, near Annapolis. 

*' N.B. — He is sold for no fault, any more than we are done 

with him. He can learn book-keeping, and is an excellent 

good scholar." 



What singular advertisements appeared in the "Maryland 
Gazette" ? 



BRIEF SKETCHES 

OF THE 

JitJ^^ 0f Eminent €\imm of (ptarglani 



Upon the roll of honor Maryland has inscribed many names 
of patriots, statesmen, theologians, and philanthropists. A 
short biography of a few who shone brightest in this galaxy 
is given. Of their record the State may be justly proud. 

Let the children emulate the virtues, public spirit, and 
devout love of country which made their fathers renowned 
in the national annals. Then the tires of patriotism will 
never cease to burn brightly upon our altars. 

No names are recorded here but of those who slumber with 
the honored dead. 



I.' 

EMINENT STATESMEN. 

CHARLES CARROLL; SAMUEL CHASE; WILLIAM PACA ; THOMAS 
STONE; WILLIAM PI N KNEY ; Wl LLIAM WIRT; FRANCIS SCOTT 
KEY; ROGER BROOKE TANEY; HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 

Charles Caeroll of Carrollton was born tit 
Annapolis, September 20, 1737, and died Novem- 

Where was Charles Carroll born, and when did he die ? 
118 



CHARLES CARROLL. 119 

ber 14, 1832. He was a patriot of the American 
Revolution, one of the signers of the Declaration 
of Independence, and the last survivor of that 
eminent band, having lived to see the Republic 
increase in population from three millions to over 
thirteen millions. He was educated in France. 
His vast estate made him in 1776 the richest man 
in America; but he risked all his wealth in the 
cause of political freedom, urging the people to 
resistance and advising the burning of a vessel 
which brought tea into the harbor of Annapolis. 

In 1775 he was a member of the committee of 
observation, and a delegate to the provincial con- 
vention. 

In 1776 he went with Dr. Franklin, Judge 
Chase, and Rev. John — afterwards Archbishop — 
Carroll, to induce the Canadians to unite with the 
colonies. When he signed the Declaration, he ap- 
pended the name of his estate, that no other of the 
numerous family of Carrolls might suifer by his 
act. In 1788 he was elected a Senator of the 
United States, and continued in public life till 
1810, when he retired and devoted himself to 
the care of his estate. 

July 4, 1828, he laid the corner-stone of the 



What is said of him? Where educated? Of his estate? 
What in 1775 ? In 1776 ? What did he append to his name ? 
What in 1788 ? On July 4, 1828 ? How old when he died ? 



120 SAMUEL CHASE. 

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, in the presence of a 
vast concourse of citizens. He died in the ninety- 
sixth year of his age, honored — even revered — by 
the American people. 



Samuel Chase, a signer of the Declaration 
of Independence, and Judge of the United States 
Supreme Court, was born in Somerset county, in 
1741. The son of an Episcopal clergyman, he. 
received a thorough education, and at the age of 
twenty years commenced the practice of the law 
in Annapolis. He was an ardent patriot, a leader 
of the friends of liberty, and a member of the 
Continental Congress of 1774. 

In 1776 he went with the Carrolls on the 
mission to Canada. On his return, he travelled 
through Maryland, arousing the people to resist 
British oppression. Through his eloquence and 
influence, the delegates were instructed to vote 
for the Declaration, of which he was the ardent 
supporter. 

In 1783 he w^ent as commissioner to England, 
to recover funds belonging to Maryland, and se- 
cured payment of six hundred and fifty thousand 
dollars. He was made Chief Justice of the State 



What is said of Samuel Chase ? What of his patriotism ? 
What did he do ? Of his eloquence ? What did he do in 



WILLIAM PACA. 121 

Court, and in 1796 was appointed by "Washing- 
ton an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. 
In 1 804 he was impeached for misdemeanor in 
conducting political trials, but was acquitted by 
the Senate. 

His reputation is that of a pure patriot and a 
learned judge. He was sometimes overbearing 
and irascible. No statesman of the Kevolution 
was more earnest, or contributed more to secure 
for his State that noble record which she bore in 
the great struggle for independence. He died 
June 19, 1811, aged seventy. 



William Paca, a patriot of the Revolution, 
and signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
was born in Harford county, October 31, 1740. 
He enjoyed the advantages of a thorough classical 
and legal education, graduated at the College of 
Philadelphia, and studied law in Annapolis. He 
was a member of the provincial legislature in 
1771, and was eminent for his advocacy of the 
rights of the colonies, and for his opposition to 
the tyranny of the king. As a member of the 
Continental Congress, he affixed his name to the 

1783? What offices did he hold? What occurred in 1804? 
What further is said of him ? Where did he die ? 

What is said of William Paca? What of his education? 
11 



122 THOMAS STONE. 

Magna Charta of human rights. He held many 
offices of dignity and trust. For two years he 
was a Senator; from 1778 to 1780, Judge of the 
Supreme Court; in 1782, Governor of Maryland, 
to which office he w^as re-elected in 1 786, being 
then a member of Congress. 

In 1789 he was appointed Judge of the Dis- 
trict Court of the United States for Maryland, 
which office he held at the time of his death, in 
1799. 

He is represented to have been a man of great 
worth, distinguished for a highly-cultivated in- 
tellect, for polished manners, and for public and 
social virtues. The State-house at Annapolis is 
adorned by a splendid portrait of this eminent 
citizen and patriot. 



Thomas Stone, the youngest of the Maryland 
signers of the Declaration of Independence, was 
a lineal descendant of William Stone, who was 
Governor of the province during the Protectorate 
of Oliver Cromwell. (See page 29.) He was 
born in Charles county, in 1743, and received his 
education under the care of a Scotch gentleman 

What in 1771? What offices did he hold? What in 1789? 
When did he die ? W^hat was his character ? 

What is said of Thomas Stone? Of his birth and educa- 
tion? Where did he study law? What is said of him as a 



WILLIAM PINKXEY. 123 

of erudition and taste. He studied law at Anna- 
polis, and commenced its practice at Frederick- 
town in 1769, but soon removed to Charles 
county. As a member of the Continental Con- 
gress, he stood forth a champion of his country's 
rights and honor. He was again a member of 
Congress when Washington resigned his office of 
commander-in-chief, and witnessed that sublime 
ceremony. 

In 1787 he was appointed a delegate to the 
convention which formed the Constitution of the 
United States, but was obliged to decline. He 
died during the autumn of this year, at the early 
age of forty-four years, greatly lamented by all 
patriotic citizens. He was repeatedly a member 
of the Senate of Maryland, and was in a variety 
of ways devoted to the liberty and welfare of 
the colonies. His early death deprived Mary- 
land' of the counsels of a citizen who, by his pru- 
dence, energy, and wisdom, had won the respect 
and confidence of all classes of the people. 



William Pixkney, one of the most eminent 
lawyers and statesmen of Maryland, was born at 



member of the Continental Congress ? What in 1787 ? When 
did he die ? What further is said of him ? 

What is said of William Pinkney ? What in 1788 ? In 



124 



WILLIAM PINKNEY. 



Annapolis, March 12, 1764. Early in life he 
gave indication of unusual talent. At eighteen 
years of age he commenced the study of medi- 
cine, but soon abandoned it for the law. His first 
eiforts established his reputation. In 1788 — then 

only twenty-four years 
old — he was a member 
of the convention 
which ratified the Con- 
stitution of the United 
States, and subsequent- 
ly was elected to the 
House of Delegates, to 
the Senate, and to the 
Council. 

In 1796 he was sent 
to London, by Presi- 
dent Washington, as 
Commissioner, and returned in 1804, to be Attor- 
ney-General of his native State. In 1806 he 
went to England as minister, returning in 1811, 
to be Attorney-General of the United States. 

In the War of 1812 he laid aside the toga and 
girded on the sword, as captain of volunteers, 
and was severely wounded at the battle of Bla- 
densburg. He was afterwards a member of Con- 




WILLIAM PINKNEY. 



1796 ? In 1806 ? What of him in the War of 1812 ? In the 



WILLIAM WIRT. 125 

gress, minister to Russia, and special minister to 
Naples. 

In 1819 he was elected United States Senator. 
Here he was one of the leading orators, and pos- 
sessed great influence. He advocated the Mis- 
souri Compromise, by which it was determined 
that slavery should be excluded from all States 
erected out of territory north of latitude 36° 30'. 
It was the unjust violation or repeal of this Com- 
promise which commenced the agitation which led 
to the rebellion of 1861. 

Pinkney died February 22, 1822, aged fifty- 
eight years. He was by general acknowledgment 
at the head of the American bar, holding the 
same position as that of Daniel Webster some 
years later, and now held by an eminent Maryland 
lawyer and statesman, Hon. Reverdy Johnson. 



William Wirt was born in Bladensburg, 
November 8, 1772. His father was a native of 
Switzerland, his mother of Germany. At the age 
of eight years, he was left an orphan, under the 
care of his uncle. He attended school four years, 
and when fifteen years old had completed the 

year 1819 ? What did he advocate ? When did Pinkney die? 
What is further said of him ? 

What is said of William Wirt ? What of his early educa- 
11* 



126 



WILLIAM WIRT. 



course of Latin and Greek classics usually taught 
in the academies. Not having the means of pro- 
curing a college edu- 
cation, he taught school 
for two years. He 
then commenced the 
study of law, and at 
the age of twenty was 
admitted to practice at 
Culpepper Court, in 
Virginia, where he be- 
came acquainted with 
JeiFerson, Madison, 
and Monroe. He was 
Clerk of the House of 
Delegates, and Chancellor of the Eastern Shore. 

At this time he contracted habits of dissipa- 
tion, which would have proved his ruin had he 
not met with James Waddell, an eloquent blind 
preacher, whose sermons made so great an impres- 
sion upon him that he was led to embrace a godly 
life. 

In 1807 he assisted at the trial of Aaron Burr, 
and displayed learning and eloquence which esta- 
blished his reputation as one of the leading 
orators of the day. 




WILLIAM WIRT. 



tion? Of the study of law? Of his dissipation? 



did he do in 180^ 



What of him in 1816? In 1817? 



What 
Whafc 



WILLIAM WIRT. 127 

In 1816 he was Attorney of the United States 
for Virginia. In 1817 he was appointed by 
President Monroe Attorney-General of the United 
States, which office he held twelve years. Re- 
tiring from public life, he removed to Baltimore 
and devoted himself to the practice of his profes- 
sion. In 1832 he was the candidate of the Anti- 
Masonic party for the Presidency of the United 
States. He died February 18, 1834, aged sixty- 
two years. 

The reputation of Wirt as a scholar and a writer 
was high. He published several works, of which 
the " Life of Patrick Henry" is the most popular. 
It has been styled "a most masterly handling of 
the pen of biography." 

In all the relations of private life, as a man 
and as a Christian, he was exemplary, and was 
regarded with affection and veneration. His bio- 
graphy has been written by J. P. Kennedy, of 
Baltimore, one of the most distinguished, learned, 
and patriotic of the living citizens of Maryland, 
now ripe in years and honor. 

on his retiring from public life ? What in 1832 ? When did 
he die ? What of him as a scholar and a writer ? In his 
private life ? What further is said of him ? 



128 FRA.NCIS SCOTT KEY. 

Francis Scott Key, the author of the "Star- 
Spangled Banner/' was a native of Maryland. 
He was born in Frederick county, August, 1779, 
and died on a visit to his daughter, Mrs. How- 
ard, in Baltimore City, January, 1843. 

He graduated at St. John's College, Annapolis, 
at the early age of seventeen. In his class were 
Robert Henry Goldsborough, subsequently United 
States Senator, and his friend, Daniel Murray, 
Dr. John Shaw, and others, called by their dis- 
tinguished president his " tenth legion," on account 
of their brilliant success in their studies. 

Mr. Key, in after-life, loved to go back in 
memory to these days. In an alumni address 
of 1827, he said, "Thirty years ago I stood 
within that [college] hall, with the associates of 
my early joys and labors, and bade farewell to 
them, to our revered instructors, to the scenes of 
our youthful happiness, and received the parting 
benediction of that beloved and venerated man 
[Dr. John McDowell] who ruled the institution 
he had raised and adorned not more by the force 
of authority than by affection. 

" In a few short years I returned ; and the 
guides and companions of my youth were gone, 



What is said of Francis Scott Key ? Where did he gradu- 
ate ? What of Mr. Key in after-life ? What of an alumni 



FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 129 

and the glory of the temple of science which the 
wisdom and piety of our fathers had founded was 
departed. I saw in its place a dreary ruin. I wan- 
dered over its silent and beautiful green, no longer 
sacred to the enraptured student, or vocal with 
the joyous sport of youthful merriment. I sat 
on the steps of that lonely portico, and beneath 
the shadow of that ancient tree, that seemed to 
lament its lost companions ; and the dreams of 
other days came over me, and I mourned over 
the madness that had worked its desolation.'^ 

After leaving college, he studied law, and be- 
came a member of the bar in Frederick. Soon 
after, he married, in Annapolis, the youngest 
sister of Governor Edward Lloyd, and removed 
to the District of Columbia. There he attained 
to high prominence in the neighboring county 
courts, and in the United States Supreme Court, 
where from the first he received flattering and 
encouraging notice from Chief-Justice Marshall. 

In person, Mr. Key was above the medium 
height, and slender in form. His voice was so- 
norous, but flexible and pleasing. His articula- 
tion was distinct, and his gestures were natural 
and graceful. His self-possession was complete, 
and his style of speech was clear, chaste, and 

address in 1827 ? What after leaving college ? Of his per- 



130 FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 

beautiful. As au orator^ he had few equals, and 
fewer superiors. 

His mother had obtained from him a promise 
to read Wilberforce's "Practical View of Chris- 
tianity/' a copy of which she gave him. Some 
time after, when going to a neighboring county 
court, he put the book in his travelling-bag. 
While at that court, mindful of his promise, — 
for devotion to his mother was a prominent trait 
of his character, — ^at the first leisure hour at night 
he took it out and read it. On his return home, 
the next morning he called his family together 
and knelt with them in prayer. His decision 
was made ; his interest in the subject of religion 
was fixed ; and his after-life showed how deep was 
that interest and how earnest and permanent was 
that decision. 

At that time, Mr. William Meade, afterwards 
Bishop of Virginia, was studying for the ministry, 
under the direction of the Rev. Mr. Addison, — 
Mr. Key's pastor. Mr. Meade aud Mr. Key 
were kindred spirits, and a lifelong friendship 
bound them to each other. John Randolph had 
been their companion; and, in all his eccen- 
tricities, they enjoyed his unbounded confidence 
and regard while life lasted. 

son ? What of his mother ? Of Bishop Meade ? What oc- 



FRANCIS SCOTT KEY, 131 

Soou after Mr. Key's religious decision was 
matured, his thoughts were turned towards the 
ministry, and a correspondence took place between 
him and the Rev. Dr. Kemp, rector of St. Paul's, 
Baltimore. The doctor offered him the asso- 
ciate rectorship of the parish ; but circumstances 
transpired which prevented him from accepting. 
He, however, officiated as reader on Sunday after- 
noons, for some years, in a vacant church near the 
city. 

Mr. Key was a genuine poet. One of his effu- 
sions, "The Star-Spangled Banner," will cause 
his name to be ever remembered by his country- 
men. An account of the circumstances under 
which it was composed was written by his brother- 
in-law, the late Chief-Justice Taney. 

The incidents are here related, that the youth 
of Maryland may know the history of "The 
Star-Spangled Banner," the song which thrills 
the hearts of patriots and has been sung by tens 
of thousands on the battle-field of freedom. 

The British troops, returning to their ships after 
having burned the public buildings and records at 
Washington, while passing through Prince George 
county arrested Dr. Beanes, a well-known and 
influential citizen. Mr. Key obtained permission 

curred soon after Mr. Key's religious decision ? Of his fa- 
mous song? Of the incidents related? The British troops ? 



132 FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 

to visit the admiral and endeavor to procure the 
release of the prisoner. 

While on this errand, Mr. Key was detained 
with the fleet, until an attack about to be made 
upon Baltimore should be over, but was placed 
on his own vessel, under a guard of marines. 
He remained on deck during the night, watching 
every shell as it was fired, and waiting with in- 
tense anxiety for the dawn of day. 

As the light came, he turned his glass towards 
the fort, and saw that " our flag was still there.'' 
Under the excitement of the night-watch, ^'The 
Star-Spangled Banner'' was composed. Brief 
notes were pencilled upon the back of a letter 
while the enemy was retreating, and the song was 
finished in the boat on the way to the shore. 

It was immediately printed in handbill form, 
and distributed among the citizens of Baltimore, 
who, we trust, will always sing with enthusiastic 
patriotism, — 

" The Star-Spangled Banner, oh, long may it wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave !" 

The hymns written by Mr. Key are found in 
nearly all the hymn-books of our country, and 
show the character of his piety, — which was not that 
of sentimentalism or outward form : it was active. 

Of his detention ? Of the morning ? What further of the 



FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 133 

A hint of suffering poverty in his neighborhood 
called forth his personal attentions and his money, 
as did also the work of missions and the Sunday- 
school, with a class of which he was present the 
Sunday before his death. 

When the Colonization Society was organized, 
he was its earnest advocate, and travelled widely 
to enlist an interest in its cause. He stood side 
by side in this regard with Henry Clay, Cald- 
well, Fitzhugh, Mercer, Stockton, and other emi- 
nent public men. He deplored the existence of 
slavery, and was proverbially the colored man's 
friend. He was his standing gratuitous advocate 
in the courts, pressing his civil rights to the extent 
of the law, and always ready to brave odium, or 
even personal danger, in his behalf. 

Mr. Key was a polished Christian gentleman, 
— hospitable, cheerful, social, and widely known 
both in his civic and professional reputation. He 
was an orator, a poet, a patriot, and a philanthro- 
pist, — one whose memory Maryland delights to 
honor. ♦ 



Bong? Of his hymns, &c. ? Of the Colonization Society? 
What further of Mr. Key ? 

12 



134 ROGER BROOKE TANEY. 

Roger Brooke Taney, whose ancestors on 
both sides were among the early settlers of Mary- 
land, was born in Cal- 
vert county, on the 1 7th 
of March, 1777, and 
was educated at Dick- 
inson College, Carlisle, 
where he graduated in 
1795. In the spring 
of 1796 he commenced 
the study of the law at 
the city of Annapolis, 
and was admitted to 
the bar here in the 
spring of 1799. 
On his return to his native county he was, in 
the ffili of the same year, elected to the House of 
relegates; and, having removed in 1801 to Frede- 
rick City, he was, in 1816, elected a member of 
the Senate of Maryland, and continued in that 
body until 1821. 

In 1823 he removed to the city of Baltimore, and 
in 1827 was appointed Attorney-General of Mary- 
land by the Governor and Council, though belong- 
ing to a different political party. He continued 



What is said of Roger B. Taney ? What on his return to 
his native county? What occurred in 1816? In 1823 and 




ROGER BROOKE TANEY. 



EOGEE BROOKE TANEY. 135 

to hold the office of Attorney-General of Mary- 
land until June, 1831, when he was appointed 
Attorney-General of the United States. This 
office he resigned in September, 1833, upon being 
appointed Secretary of the Treasury. His nomi- 
nation for that position was rejected by the Senate 
in June, 1834; and he then resumed the practice 
of his profession. 

During the brief period that he held the office 
of Secretary of the Treasury, the Senate had an 
anti-administration majority, which favored the 
renewal of the charter of the United States Bank 
and opposed the policy of removing the deposits 
of government funds to local banks selected by 
the Secretary. This subject caused much debate 
between the political parties then known as Whigs 
and Democrats. 

In 1835 Mr. Taney was nominated as Associate 
Justice of the Supreme Court; but the Senate, 
being still opposed to the President, did not act 
upon the nomination. In March, 1836, upon the 
death of Chief-Justice Marshall, Mr. Taney was 
confirmed by the Senate (which had changed its 
political majority) as Chief- Justice of the Supreme 
Court of the United States, upon his nomination to 
that office by President Jackson. He took his seat 
upon the bench of the Supreme Court of the 

1827 ? What appointment in June, 1831, &c. ? What about 



136 HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 

United States in January, 1837, retaining this 
position until his death, which took place, in 
the city of Washington, on the 12th of October, 
1864, in his eighty-eighth year. Since the found- 
ation of the government there have been six 
Chief Justices, two of whom — Marshall and Taney 
— held the seat for sixty-four years, from 1800 to 
1864. 

Mr. Taney was esteemed for his high moral 
and religious character, as well as for his legal 
attainments. Though reaching an unusual age, 
he retained the vigor and clearness of mind 
which characterized his earlier years, and Avas 
able to occupy his seat upon the Supreme bench 
almost to the day of his death. 



Henry Winter Davis, a distinguished states- 
man, and perhaps the most gifted orator of his 
time, was born in Annapolis, August 16, 1817. 

His father — Rev. Henry Lyon Davis — a man of 
imposing person, great dignity of character, and 
varied and profound learning, was President of St. 
John's College, and rector of St. Ann's Church. 



the United States Bank ? What occurred in 1835 ? In Oc- 
tober, 1864? How was Mr. Taney esteemed? 

What is said of Henry Winter Davis ? Of his father? Of 



HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 



137 



His mother — Jane Brown Winter — was a lady 
of graceful and simple manners, highly educated, 
and possessing great 
conversational powers. 
Under such teaching 
and inspiration was the 
young mind of Davis 
formed, and his bril- 
liant genius developed. 

His education began 
very early. He once 
playfully said, " I could 
read before I was four 
years old ; though 
much against my will.'' 
During* youth, he was much devoted to out-door 
life, and with his companions roamed the country, 
not always successful as a sportsman, but becoming 
familiar with nature and developing his splendid 
physical constitution. 

His academic and collegiate life was passed at 
Howard, — a school near Alexandria, — and at 
Kenyon College, in Ohio. In those days Ken- 
yon was surrounded by vast forests, — a garden of 
letters in a wilderness of nature. 

During his first college vacation, he devoted' 




HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 



his mother ? Of his education ? Of his academic and col- 
12* 



138 HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 

himself to laborious study, completing the studies 
of the sophomore year, and at the opening of the 
next session he passed the examination for the 
junior class. 

While at college his father died, and left him 
without a counsellor. With very limited means^ 
young Davis struggled on. He circumscribed his 
wants, and denied himself every luxury. So 
rigid was his self-denial, and so strong his desire 
not to tax the kindness of his aunt, that he brought 
his annual expenses within the sum of eighty 
dollars. 

His father left him a few slaves. These he re- 
fused to sell, preferring to toil, rather than to secure 
ease by doing what he thought to be wrong. He 
never accepted a cent of their wages, and ' always 
told them they could have a deed of manumis- 
sion whenever the law would allow it. Thus 
sincere was his opposition to slavery. 

Completing a thorough course at the Univer- 
sity of Virginia, Mr. Davis entered upon the 
practice of the law in Alexandria. In 1850 he 
went to Baltimore, and immediately became promi- 
nent in social, professional, and political life. 
Young men of ability gathered about him, and 
made him a centre of influence. 



lege life ? Of his first college vacation ? What occurred 
while at college ? Of his father's slaves? Of the practice 



HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 139 

He was elected as Representative to the thirty- 
fourth, thirty-fifth, and thirty-sixth Congress, by 
the American party, and to the thirty-eighth, by 
the loyal citizens of the city of Baltimore. He 
ranked among the ablest debaters of the House, 
and, whenever he spoke, commanded universal 
attention. 

The private life of Henry Winter Davis was 
spotless. His habits were regular and abstemious. 
He was a member of the Episcopal Church, 
always attended divine service on Sunday, and 
devoted the remainder of the sacred day to reli- 
gious reading. 

He died in Baltimore, after a brief illness, 
Saturday, December 30, 1865, in the forty-ninth 
year of his age. In him Maryland lost one of 
her most gifted citizens, and the nation one of 
her most able, eloquent, and fearless defenders. 

Resolutions condoling his death, and recording 
his patriotic virtues, were passed by various State 
legislatures. By request of Congress, a eulogy 
upon his life and character was delivered in the 
Hall of the House of Representatives, by Senator 
Cresswell, February 22, 1866. A monument will 
be erected to his memory. 

of law ? Of his election to Congress ? Of his private life ? 
Of his death ? What resolutions on this sad event ? What 
of his patriotism ? 



140 JOHN EAGER HOWARD. 

He was a fearless advocate of human rights, 
and a sincere friend of the African race. He 
planned the political movement which resulted 
in giving to his native State a free Constitution, 
and was regarded as the leader of those loyal 
citizens who during the rebellion kept Maryland 
firm in her place in the Union. For this he is 
entitled to the gratitude of thousands who were 
saved from the perils and desolations of san- 
guinary war. 



MILITARY AND NAVAL HEROES. 

JOHN EAGER HOWARD; SAMUEL RINGGOLD; JOSHUA BARNEY; 
JOHN RODGERS. 

John Eager Howard. — This renowned 
Revolutionary soldier and statesman was born in 
Baltimore county, June 4, 1752. In 1776 he 
commanded a company in the flying camp, under 
General Mercer, and took part in the battle of 
White Plains. He was with General Washington, 
as major of a Maryland regiment, in the battles 
of Germantown and Monmouth. As lieutenant- 
colonel he was with De Kalb in the South, and 
fought at Camden, South Carolina. 

What is said of John Eager Howard ? Where was he with 



JOHN EAGER HOWARD. 141 

At the battle of Cowpens, January 17, 1781, he 
turned the fortune of the day, and secured a vic- 
tory for the Americans, by a gallant bayonet 
charge. This was the first occasion during the 
war in which the bayonet was effectively used by 
the Americans. At one period of the day Colonel 
Howard held the swords of seven British officers 
who had surrendered to him, one of whom. Gene- 
ral O'Hara, clung to his stirrups, asking for quar- 
ter. In testimony of his valor, he received from 
Congress a silver medal. 

He commanded the Second Maryland Regiment 
at Eutaw Springs. In the effort to dislodge the 
enemy, his command was reduced to himself, a 
single commissioned officer, and thirty men. With 
this little band he was returning to the charge, 
when he received a wound, from which he never 
entirely recovered. 

Colonel Howard was highly esteemed by the 
people of Maryland. He held the office of Gov- 
ernor three years. He was United States Senator 
six years. In 1798 he was selected by Washing- 
ton as one of his brigadier-generals, war with 
France being then expected. 

In 1814, when Baltimore was threatened by the 
British, the martial spirit of the veteran patriot 

Washington ? With De Kalb ? What is said of the battle of 
Cowpens ? Of Eutaw Springs ? How was Colonel Howard 



142 SAMUEL RINGGOLD. 

revived, and he was active in preparing for 
defence, declaring that he would rather see his 
property in ashes, and his sons in their graves, 
than capitulate to the foe. 

He died October 12, 1827, aged seventy-five 
years, universally lamented. Of Howard, General 
Greene said that "• he deserved a statue of gold no 
less than Grecian and Roman heroes.^^ 



Samuel Ringgold, an officer of the regular 
army of the United States, was born near Hagers- 

town, in Washington 
county, A.D. 1800. 
Having received a 
thorough military edu- 
cation at West Point, 
he was commissioned 
second lieutenant when 
only eighteen years old. 
He was much esteemed 
.by General Scott, under 
whom he served as 
aide-de-camp. For 
gallant conduct in the 




SAMUEL RINGGOLD. 



esteemed by the people of Maryland ? What did he do in 
1814? When did he die ? 

What is said of Samuel Ringgold ? How was he esteemed 



JOSHUA BARNEY. 143 

Florida War against the Seminole Indians, he 
was brevetted major. 

Major Ringgold organized a corps of flying 
artillery, which he brought to a high degree of 
efficiency. His battery was stationed at Fort Mc- 
Henry, near Baltimore, and attracted the attention 
of citizens and strangers, who witnessed with ad- 
miration the rapidity and precision of the evolu- 
tions. 

He was killed at Point Isabel, in Texas, May 
11, 1846, daring the war with Mexico. His fu- 
neral in Baltimore was attended by a large num- 
ber of citizens and soldiers, and witnessed by vast 
crowds of people. 

The mansion where Ringgold was born is now 
the College of St. James. 



Joshua Barney, a commander in the United 
States navy, was born in Baltimore, July 6, 1759. 
He loved the sea, and made several voyages before 
he was sixteen years old. In 1775 he was mas- 
ter's mate on the sloop-of-war Hornet, and, while 
recruiting for volunteers, carried the first United 
States flag seen in Maryland. At the age of 

by General Scott? What did he organize? What of his 
battery at Baltimore ? Where was he killed ? What of the 
mansion of the Ringgold family ? 

What is said of Joshua Barney ? What of his fights ? 



144 JOSHUA BARNEY. 

seventeen he was made lieutenant for gallant con- 
duct. 

He was engaged in many naval fights during 
the Revolutionary War, and was twice taken pri- 
soner. He was kept in England for some time, 
but at length escaped, and reached Philadelphia 
March, 1782. He was appointed to the command 
of the Hyder Ali, a small vessel of sixteen guns, 
with which he captured the General Monk, of 
twenty guns, after a fight of less than half an hour. 

In 1795 he was appointed captain in the French 
navy, but resigned his commission and returned 
home in 1800. During the War of 1812 he com- 
manded the Chesapeake flotilla. He also took 
part in the battle of Bladensburg, in which he was 
severely wounded. In 1815 he was sent on a 
mission to Europe. He died in 1819, while on 
his way to Kentucky, aged sixty years. He was 
a thorough seaman, of indomitable courage, rough 
but impetuous, but possessing good principles and 
a kind heart. 

He was in public service forty-one years, fought 
twenty-six battles, and was voted a sword by the 
legislature of Pennsylvania and one by the cor- 
poration of Washington. 

What of the Hyder Ali ? When was he appointed captain ? 
What occurred in 1812 ? In 1815 ? When did he die ? How 
long had he been in public service ? 



JOHN RODGERS. 145 

John Rodgers, an eminent naval commander, 
was born in Harford county, 1771. He entered 
the navy as lieutenant in 1798, and continued in 
the service till his death, in 1838. He was a 
gallant and valuable oliicer, rendering efficient 
service in battle and on shore. His first fight was 
with a French frigate, which he captured and 
brought into port. With a very weak prize crew, 
he kept down the prisoners, who were inclined to 
mutiny, and worked the ship through a gale of 
three days' continuance. 

He had command in the war with Tripoli, and- 
was actively eno:ao-ed durino; the War of 1812.. 
For many years he served as President of the^ 
Board of Xaw Commissioners. 



III- 
EMINENT THEOLOGIANS. 

JOHN CARROLL: THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 

John Carroll, born at Upper Marlboro in 
1735, Avas an eminent prelate of the Roman Cath- 
olic Church, and the first Archbishop of the 

What is said of John Rodgevs ? Of his first fight ? What 
>f Tripoli ? What further of him ? 
What is said of Archbishop Carroll? Where educated T 
13 



146 



JOHN CARROLL. 



United States. He was educated in France, and 
when ordained a priest gave his estate to his 

brother and took the 
vow of poverty re- 
quired by the Society 
of the Jesuits. 

At the beginning of 
the Revolution he left 
an honorable position 
in England, and re- 
turned to America to 
share the trials of his 
countrymen. He went 
with his cousin Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton, 
and Benjamin Franklin, on a mission to Canada. 
He returned with the latter, with Avhom he 
formed a warm and enduring friendship. He 
was consecrated bishop in 1789, in England, and 
had the title of Bishop of Baltimore. Pie was of 
a kind and liberal spirit, much loved and respected 
by all denominations of Christians. Since him 
there have been four Archbishops of Baltimore. 
He died December 3, 1815, at the advanced age 
of eighty years. During the episcopate of Car- 




?CH3ISHCP CARHCLL. 



Wlitit did he do at the beginning of the Revolution? What 
of Lis mission? When was he consecrated bishop? When 
(iid he die? Of the Cathedral at Baltimore? 



THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 147 

roll the Cathedral in Baltimore was commenced. 
This Avas for many years the most costly ecclesias- 
tical building in the United States. It contains 
two valuable paintings presented by the King of 
France. 



The Right Rev. 
Thomas John Clag- 
GETT was born October 
2, 1743, near Notting- 
ham, Prince George 
county. He was the 
son of the Rev. Thomas 
Claggett, who died 
rector of AYilliam and 
Mary parish, Charles 
county, in August, 
1756. His mother bishop claggett. 

died soon after his 

birth. Left thus early an orphan, he was placed 
under the care of the Rev. Mr. Eversfield, his 
uncle, rector of the parish where he was born. 
After having been prepared therefor at the Lower 
Marlboro Academy, in Calvert county, he became a 
member of Princeton College, New Jersey, where 




What is said of Bishop Claggett? Of his father and 
mother? Whither did he go after the death of his parents? 



148 THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 

he graduated in September, 1764. Having pur- 
sued a course of theological study under Mr, 
Eversfield, he repaired to England, and was or- 
dained there as deacon, by the Bishop of London, 
September 20, 1767, and as priest, October 11, 
1767. 

Bishop Claggett's ancestor, Mr. Thomas Clag- 
gett, had come over from England and settled in 
Calvert county as early as in 1 6 7 1 . He was the sou 
of Colonel Edward Claggett, of London, a ma- 
ternal ancestor of whom had been Lord Mayor of 
London, and a paternal ancestor. Lord Mayor of 
Canterbury. Finding descendants of his ancient 
relatives there, Mr. Claggett prolonged his stay in 
England nearly a year, with great pleasure and 
advantage to himself. 

On his return to Maryland in the spring of 
1768, he was placed in charge of St. Ann's Church, 
Annapolis, during a vacancy in the rectorship, and 
in March, 1769, he became rector of All Saints 
parish, Calvert. There very early in his min- 
istry he succeeded in building a large new church, 
which still remains. Soon after this he married 
Miss Gantt, the daughter of one of his parish- 
ioners. 

Where was he educated ? Where was he ordained ? What 
is said of Mr. Thomas Claggett ? How long did he stay in 
England? What charge had he on his return? In 1769? 
What did he accomplish early in his ministry ? Of his mar- 



THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 149 

Mr. Claggett had entered the ministry in the 
troublous and exciting times preceding the Revolu- 
tion; but he was found on the side of American 
liberty ; and was placed on the county committee 
of correspondence. When, however, in its pro- 
gress the convention wished to absolve the clergy 
from their canonical oaths, he conscientiously re- 
fused to comply, and performed the usual services 
at the point of the bayonet, but soon after re- 
moved to his estate in Prince George county. On 
the death of the old rector, he took charge of the 
parish, though invited to the charge of Queen 
Caroline parish, in Anne Arundel, and to that also 
of St. Thomas, Baltimore county. The result of 
the contest with Great Britain he hailed as a 
^'glorious revolution." In 1786 he became the 
rector of St. James parish, Anne Arundel county, 
and while there, in 1792, was made Bishop of 
the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland, 
and soon after removed to his estate in Prince 
George, where he was also rector of the parish 
again. He continued in his episcopate till his 
death, which took place in 1816, at the age of 
seventy-three. 

In 1800, when the seat of government was 



riage ? What is said of his patriotism ? What parishes did 
he next have charge of? What one in 1786? When was he 
made bishop ? When did lie die ? What distinction was 
13* 



150 THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 

removed to Washington, Bishop Claggett was 
elected Chaplain of the Senate. To check the 
progress of infidelity, he preached in the Capitol 
a course of sermons on " the truth of the Christian 
system." These lectures were attended by Presi- 
dent Jefferson. The bishop's tall and command- 
ing figure, and, in old age, his long snowy hair and 
benignant countenance, attracted the attention of 
all who saw him. 

He was a man of genial manners, and yet of 
great decision ; a fine scholar ; a thoroughly evan- 
gelical Christian ; and a laborious, self-sacrificing 
minister. In the discharge of the duties of his 
episcopate he was greatly hindered by a want of 
support from his diocese, as in some years what 
he received did not suffice to pay his travelling 
expenses ; and in his later years he suffered from 
frequent and protracted attacks of illness. Much 
of his life was spent in troublous times ; but his 
devotion to the church of his charge was credit- 
able to himself, and constitutes his eulogy. 



conferred upon him in 1800? What of his appearance 
What of his characteristics ? 



MOSES SHEPPARD, 151 



IV. 

EMINENT PHILANTHROPISTS. 

MOSES SHEPPARD; JOHN McDONOGH. 

On the tomb of Howard, who died in Kherson while visit- 
ing the hospitals and endeavoring to improve the condition 
of prisons, is inscribed this epitaph : — 
" He lived to do good." 

This may be said of all who devote their wealth to alleviate 
the sufferings of humanity or to increase the comforts of the 
poor. The citizens whose lives are here recorded, began life 
as poor boys. They remembered the poor when, by God's 
blessing upon their labors, they became rich. The asylum 
and institute reared by the philanthropy of Sheppard and 
McDonogh will be among the grandest monuments of which 
Maryland can boast. 

Moses Sheppard. — This good and unobtru- 
sive man was born in 1773, and died February 
1, 1857j aged eighty-four years. It was not until 
he was dead that the world knew of the grand de- 
sign which he had entertained through life. His 
object was, by diligence in business and by pru- 
dent economy, to acquire the means to do good to 
his fellow-men. 



What is said of Moses Sheppard? What was his object in 
business? What of his earliest recollection? What did he 



152 MOSES SHEPPARD. 

His earliest recollection of himself was as a 
child on an earthen floor in a log cabin near Bal- 
timore. 

When quite young, he served in a store at 
Jericho Mills, kept by Jesse Tyson. In 1793 he 
came to Baltimore, and worked in a grocery and 
provision store on Cheapside. His good beha- 
vior, diligence, and integrity won the confidence 
of his employer, and the poor orphan boy be- 
came successively chief assistant, partner, and sole 
proprietor. 

Retiring from the grocery business, he esta- 
blished a small manufactory for cotton seine-twine, 
which was continued several years after it had 
ceased to be profitable, because he did not wish 
to throw out of employment many aged women 
w^ho without it would liave been dependent upon 
charity. 

By practising rigid economy, and exercising a 
judicious discretion in his investments, he in- 
creased his fortune to the sum of six hundred 
thousand dollars. 

His religious sentiments were those of the So- 
ciety of Friends, and his attendance upon meet- 
inff was constant almost to the time of his death. 



do when quite young? What in 1793? Of his good be- 
havior ? What did he do next ? What of his economy ? Of 
his religious sentiments? In whom did he manifest a warm 



MOSES SHEPPARD. 153 

He always manifested a warm interest in the 
colored people, and was an early and liberal friend 
of the colonization cause. This was appreciated 
by the colonists; and a vessel now sails under the 
Liberian flag, called the ^' Moses Sheppard, of 
Monrovia." 

After he died, the purpose for which he had 
labored so diligently and lived so prudently was 
found to be to benefit those afflicted creatures who 
most need sympathy and protection. He wished 
the experiment to be tried, to ascertain how much 
good can result from close attention, w4th ample 
means, to every thing which can alleviate the con- 
dition of the insane. 

AVe give on the following page a representation 
of the business entrance of the asylum wdiich 
bears his name, now in course of erection. It will 
be a splendid edifice, a noble monument to the 
memory of a good man, and a true philanthropist. 

The plan of the building was suggested by 
Dr. D. T. Brown, who visited Europe to examine 
insane hospitals with special reference to their 
being curative in construction and administration. 
Much more space is afforded to the patients than 
is customary in such institutions. 

The structure is fireproof throughout, and great 

interest ? W^hat of a vessel ? What was discovered after his 
ieath? What experiment did he wish tried? What of the 



154 



MOSES SHEPPARD. 



care has been directed to ventilation, warming, 
and the supply of water. In addition to the 




SHEPPARD ASYLUM. 



usual arrangement of wards, there is a convales- 
cent department, which affords the comforts and 
conveniences of a first-class country residence. 
Free from all appearances of restraint, it oifers 
to the inmates facilities for probationary treat- 
ment before they finally return to their homes. 

The grounds attached to the asylum comprise 
three hundred and seventy-five acres, which are 
being adorned and provided with roads and paths 



asylum ? Of the plau of the building 
structure? Of the grounds ? 



What further of this 



JOHN M^DONOGH. 155 

for exercise, that patients may have every advan- 
tage without the exposure of riding or walking 
on public highways. 



John McDonogh, the founder of the Mc- 
Donogh Institute for the Relief of Destitute Boys, 
was born in Baltimore, December, 1779, and died 
in New Orleans, October 26, 1850. His father 
fought under the " Father of his Country" in the 
hottest battles of the Revolutionary struggle for 
liberty and equal laws. Young McDonogh re- 
ceived, from pious parents, a plain and virtuous 
education. 

In 1803 he removed to New Orleans, and en- 
gaged in mercantile business with distinguished 
success. 

In the War of 1812 he served in the ranks, 
under General Jackson, burning with zeal to 
drive the invading army from the shores of the 
Republic. 

Unmarried, and with no expensive tastes or 
habits, he soon became wealthy. His invest- 
ments were chiefly in real estate near New Or- 
leans, which he felt confident would rapidly in- 

What is said of John McDonogh ? Of his father ? What 
of his education ? What did he do in 1803 ? In 1812 ? What 
of his tastes and habits ? Of his investments ? What was 



156 JOHN M^DOXOGII. 

crease in value. He acted upon the principle 
that ''land Avill not take wings and fly away, as 
silver and gold and government and bank stocks 
often do." This is a maxim well Avorth remem- 
bering. 

John McDonogh owned numerous slaves, among 
whom were the mechanics who built his houses. 
These slaves were lodged in warm and comfort- 
able houses, were provided with strong and de- 
cent clothing, kept hogs and fowls of their own, 
and cultivated what ground they needed in vege- 
tables. 

They were governed in patriarchal style. The 
church was the court-room. All otienders were 
tried by a jury of slaves, and the only authority 
exercised by the master was to confirm, mitigate, 
or remit the penalty. 

These slaves were faithful and industrious. 
They kept the Sabbath-day holy, and finally, 
by their own extra labor, purchased their freedom, 
and on the 11th of June, 1842, sailed for Liberia, 
seventy-nine in number. 

Mr. McDonogh was always a friend of the 
black man, and advised his slaves to "return to 
the land of their fathers, that they might have 
none to molest or make them afraid." 

his maxim ? What of his slaves ? How were they governe J ? 
What advice did he give them? How did he dispose of his 



JOHN MCDONOGH. 157 

By will, he devised all his property to the 
cities of Baltimore and New Orleans, for the sup- 
port of free schools for the poor of both sexes, 
irrespective of color. In these schools certain 
branches are to be taught, the Holy Bible is to be 
used at all times, singing-classes are to be esta- 
blished, and the children instructed in a know- 
ledge of their duty to God and to man. 

By litigation, the estate has suffered great dimi- 
nution, so that the benevolent plans of the liberal 
projector cannot be fully realized. 

About five hundred thousand dollarswill.be 
the share of Baltimore City, with which an insti- 
tution will soon be established. 

A monument was erected to the memory of 
John McDonogh, July 13, 1865, in Greenmount 
Cemetery, by the authorities of Baltimore and 
New Orleans, in the presence of a large assem- 
bly. 

A dedicatory address was delivered by the Hon. 
John H. B. Latrobe, from which has been compiled 
this brief narrative of a philanthropist who walked 
among men as a faithful Christian, who lived and 
labored that he, like his Master, might do good. 
His asylum for poor orphan children will be a 



property ? How did his estate suiFer ? What will be the 
share of Baltimore city ? What of a monument to his mem- 
ory ? What did he direct in his will ? 
14 



158 CHARLES WILSON PEALE. 

monument more enduring than the finely-chiselled 
marble, and will tell with silent eloquence of the 
man who lived to do good. In his will, he re- 
quested that the children who are provided for 
by his bounty may annually visit his grave and 
place flowers thereon. 



■V. 
ARTIST. 

CHARLES WILSON PEALE. 



Charles Wilson Peale, an American paint- 
er, was born in Chestertown, Kent county, April 
16, 1741. He was by trade a saddler, but, having 
an almost universal genius, he followed at different 
times the occupations of watch and clock maker, 
silversmith, preserver of animals, dentist, and 
public lecturer. 

He received instruction in the art of painting 
fr^m Hesselius, a German, to whom he gave a 
saddle for the privilege of seeing him paint. 

Peale made for himself a violin and a guitar, and 
was the first dentist in America who prepared sets 
of enamel teeth. In all these arts he was chiefly 
self-taught. 

What is said of Charles Wilson Peale ? Who instructed him 
in the art of painting ? What further is said of him ? What 



CHAELES WILSON PEALE. 159 

By the aid of friends, he went to London in 
1770, and was a pupil of the renowned Benjamin 
West. Returning to America, he established him- 
self first in Annapolis, but afterwards settled in 
Philadelphia, where for many years he was the 
chief portrait-painter in North America. 

Mr. Peale was a patriot, and commanded a 
company in the battles of Trenton and German- 
town. He was opposed to slavery, and, as a mem- 
ber of the legislature of Pennsylvania, urged the 
passage of an emancipation act. 
, In 1785 he commenced in Philadelphia the 
celebrated Peale's Museum, which for many years 
was the largest and most valuable collection of 
natural curiosities in the United States. The 
principal attraction was an entire skeleton of a 
mammoth. He also established a museum in Bal- 
timore. Mr. Peale died, after a life of extraor- 
dinary exertion and temperance, in 1827, aged 
eighty-five years. His son Rembrandt was an 
artist of great merit. 



of his sojourn in London? What did he do on his return? 
What of his patriotism? What of his museums? 'WTien did 
he die? What of his son? 



160 MEMBERS OF CABINET. 



NAMES OF CITIZENS OF MARYLAND WHO HAVE 

BEEN JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT, 

AND MEMBERS OF THE CABINET. 



Judges of the Supreme Court. 

Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice, appointed 1836. 

Robert H. Harrison, Associate Justice, " 1789. 

Thomas Johnson, Associate Justice, " 1791. 

Samuel Chase, Associate Justice, " 1796. 

Gabriel Duval, Associate Justice, " 1811. 

Members of the Cabinet. 

James McHenry, Secretary of War, appointed 1796. 

Benjamin Stoddert, Secretary of the Navy, •• 1798. 

Robert Sunn, Secretary of the Navy, *' 1801. 

Robert Smith, Attorney- General, " 1805. 

Robert Smith, Secretary of State, " 1809, 

William Pinkney, Attorney-General, " 181J». 

William Wirt, Attorney- General, " 1817. 

Roger B. Taney, Attorney- General, " 1831. 

Roger B. Taney, Secretary of the Treasury, " 1833. 

John Nelson, Attorney- General, " 1843. 

Reverdy Johnson, Attorney- General, " 1849. 

John P. Kennedy, Secretary of the Nary. " 1852. 



GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 161 




THE GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 



The Great Seal is committed to the care of the 
Governor, and is kept in the Executive chamber 
in the State-House at Annapolis. Its impression 
is attached to all laws and important documents, 
also to proclamations issued by the authority of 
the General Assembly or the Governor. 

These proclamations always conclude with the 
allowing words : — " Given under my hand and 
the Great Seal of the State." 

Cecilius, Baron of Baltimore, obtained his char- 
ter for the province of Maryland, June 20, 1632, 
when he appointed his brother Leonard to go with 

What is said of the Great Seal ? For what purpose is its 
impression used? How do all proclamations conclude? 
14* 



162 GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 

the colonists in the character of Governor. Leon- 
ard Calvert brought with him a seal, with which 
to authenticate his official acts. 

In 1643, one Richard Ingle, who had lately 
come into the province, devised a plot by which to 
deprive Lord Baltimore of all right to the gov- 
ernment. During this rebellion, Ingle managed 
to get possession of the Great Seal, and with it 
authenticated his acts, so as to give them the sem- 
blance of law. 

On August 12, 1648, Lord Baltimore issued a 
commission, providing a new Great Seal to take 
the place of that which had been treacherously 
and violently taken away from the province by 
Richard Ingle. This seal he committed to the 
custody of Captain William Stone, and thus de- 
scribes it : — 

" On the one side thereof is our figure in armor, 
on horseback, with our sword drawn, and our hel- 
met on, and a great plume of feathers ; the horse- 
trappings being adorned with our paternal coat 
of arms, and this inscription about that side of the 
seal, — viz.: Cecilius absolutus dominus Terra 
Marise et Avaloniee, Baro de Baltimore. 

"On the other side is engraven a scutcheon, 
wherein is our paternal coat of arms, — to wit, six 

What of Baron of Baltimore's seal ? Of Richard Ingle ? Of 
the commission of Augiist 12, 1648 ? What was on one side ? 



GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 163 

pieces impaled with a band dexter counterchanged, 
quartered with a cross buttoned at each end, the 
whole scutcheon being supported with a fisherman 
on the one side and a plowman on the other, 
standing upon a scrowl, wherein is engraven our 
paternal motto, viz. : ffatti masckij parole Femini 
(manly acts rather than womanly words). 

^^ Above the scutcheon is a count palatine's cap, 
and over that a helmet, with our paternal crest on 
the top of it, which is a ducal crown with two 
half bannerets set upright on it. Behind the 
scutcheon is a large mantle, and about that side of 
the seal is this inscription : Seuto bonce voluntatis 
tuce coronasti nos; meaning. With the shield of thy 
good will hast thou crowned us ;" referring to the 
kindness of the king, who so liberally granted the 
charter by which Lord Baltimore became proprie- 
tor of Maryland. 

This was declared to be the Great Seal until 
otherwise ordered. When the province came 
under Cromwell's Commissioners in 1651, this 
seal was lost or stolen, and in 1658, Lord Balti- 
more sent over another by Fendall, his Lieutenant- 
Governor, who arrived in February. 

This seal was used until 1726. AVe then find 
the following on the title-page of the Acts of the 

What on the other ? Motto ? What above the scutcheon ? 
Inscription ? What is said further of this seal ? How long 



mi 



i64 



GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 



3 




General Assembly of that year. It will be seen 
to be quite diiferent, in many respects, from the 
one above described. George 
II. became King of England 
in that year. This seal is 
continued on the title-page 
of the Acts of General As- 
.sembly each year successively 
down to 1765. In that year 
we find the former Great 
Seal, which was continued down to the Revolution. 
In 1776, by the first Constitution of the State, 
the Council was authorized to adopt a seal. It is 
presumed that this duty was discharged by adopt- 
ing the seal of 1658, which was continued until 
1 854, w^hen, by act of Assembly, the eagle with 
expanded wings w^as substituted as a crest, instead 
of the ducal crown and bannerets. 

The seal now is like the engraving at the head 
of this subject. 




was it used ? What seal was used after this ' 
seal of ITTG? What change in 1854? 



What of the 



LfcAg'20 



